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The Long-Term Costs of Family Trajectories: Women's Later-Life Employment and Earnings Across Europe.
Demography ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-23 , DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00874-8
Joanne S Muller 1, 2 , Nicole Hiekel 1, 3 , Aart C Liefbroer 1, 4, 5
Affiliation  

The “motherhood earnings penalty” is a well-established finding in many Western countries. However, a divide between mothers and nonmothers might oversimplify reality given that the family life course has diversified over the last decades. In addition, whether family choices have consequences for women’s employment and earnings in later life is not well known, particularly in a comparative perspective. Using data on 50- to 59-year-old women from the Generations and Gender Programme, the British Household Panel Survey, and SHARELIFE for 22 European countries, we derive a typology of women’s family trajectories and estimate its association with women’s later-life employment and earnings. Whereas family trajectory–related differences with regard to employment were relatively small, our findings reveal a clear, long-lasting family trajectory gradient in earnings. Childless women (with or without a partner) as well as single mothers had higher personal earnings than women whose family trajectories combined parenthood and partnership. Moreover, in societies in which reconciliation of work and family during midlife is less burdensome, labor market outcomes of women following different family trajectories converge. Our findings show that women’s fertility and partnership behavior are inevitably interrelated and jointly influence employment and earning patterns until later in life. The results imply that promoting equal employment opportunities could have long-lasting effects on women’s economic independence.

中文翻译:

家庭轨迹的长期成本:妇女在欧洲的晚年就业和收入。

在许多西方国家,“产妇收入罚款”是公认的发现。但是,鉴于过去几十年来家庭生活的多样化,母亲与非母亲之间的分歧可能会简化现实。此外,家庭选择是否对妇女的就业和以后的收入产生影响尚不为人所知,特别是在比较的角度来看。利用来自“世代和性别计划”中的50至59岁妇女,英国家庭面板调查和SHARELIFE的22个欧洲国家/地区的数据,我们得出了女性家庭轨迹的类型,并估计了其与女性晚年就业的关联和收益。尽管与家庭轨迹有关的就业差异相对较小,但我们的发现表明,家庭收入的持久轨迹梯度。没有子女的妇女(有或没有伴侣的妇女)以及单身母亲的个人收入要高于其家庭经历结合了父母和伴侣关系的妇女。此外,在中年期间工作与家庭和解不那么麻烦的社会中,遵循不同家庭轨迹的妇女在劳动力市场上的成果趋于一致。我们的研究结果表明,女性的生育能力和伴侣行为不可避免地相互关联,并共同影响就业和收入模式,直到晚年。结果表明,促进平等的就业机会可能对妇女的经济独立产生长期影响。没有子女的妇女(有或没有伴侣的妇女)以及单身母亲的个人收入要高于其家庭经历结合了父母和伴侣关系的妇女。此外,在中年期间工作与家庭和解不那么麻烦的社会中,遵循不同家庭轨迹的妇女在劳动力市场上的成果趋于一致。我们的研究结果表明,女性的生育能力和伴侣行为不可避免地相互关联,并共同影响就业和收入模式,直到晚年。结果表明,促进平等的就业机会可能对妇女的经济独立产生长期影响。没有子女的妇女(有或没有伴侣的妇女)以及单身母亲的个人收入要高于其家庭轨迹结合了父母和伴侣关系的妇女。此外,在中年期间工作与家庭和解不那么麻烦的社会中,遵循不同家庭轨迹的妇女在劳动力市场上的成果趋于一致。我们的研究结果表明,妇女的生育能力和伴侣行为不可避免地相互关联,并共同影响就业和收入模式,直到晚年。结果表明,促进平等的就业机会可能对妇女的经济独立产生长期影响。遵循不同家庭轨迹的妇女的劳动力市场结果趋于一致。我们的研究结果表明,女性的生育能力和伴侣行为不可避免地相互关联,并共同影响就业和收入模式,直到晚年。结果表明,促进平等的就业机会可能对妇女的经济独立产生长期影响。遵循不同家庭轨迹的妇女的劳动力市场结果趋于一致。我们的研究结果表明,女性的生育能力和伴侣行为不可避免地相互关联,并共同影响就业和收入模式,直到晚年。结果表明,促进平等的就业机会可能对妇女的经济独立产生长期影响。
更新日期:2020-04-23
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