How bilinguals control their languages and switch between them may change across the life span. Furthermore, bilingual language control may depend on the demands imposed by the context. Across 2 experiments, we examined how Spanish-Basque children, teenagers, younger, and older adults switch between languages in voluntary and cued picture-naming tasks. In the voluntary task, bilinguals could freely choose a language while the cued task required them to use a prespecified language. In the cued task, youths and older adults showed larger language mixing costs than young adults, suggesting that using 2 languages in response to cues was more effortful. Cued switching costs, especially when the switching sequence was predictable, were also greater for youths and older adults. The voluntary switching task showed limited age effects. Older adults, but not youths, showed larger switching costs than younger adults. A voluntary mixing benefit was found in all ages, implying that voluntarily using 2 languages was less effortful than using one language across the life span. Thus, while youths and older adults experience greater difficulties using multiple languages in response to external cues, they are affected less when they can freely use their languages. This shows that age effects on bilingual language control are context-dependent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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在提示和自愿切换环境中检查整个生命周期中的双语切换。

双语者如何控制其语言以及如何在他们之间切换可能会在整个生命周期中发生变化。此外，双语语言控制可能取决于上下文所施加的要求。在2个实验中，我们研究了西班牙巴斯克语的儿童，青少年，年轻人和老年人在自愿和提示图片命名任务中如何在语言之间切换。在自愿任务中，双语人员可以自由选择语言，而提示任务要求他们使用预先指定的语言。在提示任务中，年轻人和老年人显示的混合语言费用要比年轻人大，这表明使用两种语言来响应提示更为费力。提示的切换成本，尤其是在可预测的切换顺序时，对于年轻人和老年人来说也更高。自愿转换任务显示出有限的年龄效应。老年人 但年轻人却没有，与年轻人相比，转换成本更高。在所有年龄段都有自愿混合的好处，这意味着在整个生命周期中，自愿使用两种语言比使用一种语言要省力。因此，尽管青年和老年人在应对外在线索时使用多种语言遇到更大的困难，但是当他们自由使用自己的语言时，他们受到的影响较小。这表明年龄对双语语言控制的影响取决于上下文。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。年轻人和老年人在因应外界提示使用多种语言时遇到较大的困难，而他们自由使用其语言时受到的影响较小。这表明年龄对双语语言控制的影响取决于上下文。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。年轻人和老年人在因应外界提示使用多种语言时遇到较大的困难，而他们自由使用其语言时受到的影响较小。这表明年龄对双语语言控制的影响取决于上下文。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。