The circulation of flaviviruses, dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses, and others, is generating a major concern in many countries. Both JE along with DEN have been endemic in large regions of India. WN virus infection, although circulating in southern regions for many years, in recent years, WN encephalitis patients have been demonstrated. While vaccines against JE have been developed and decrease outbreaks, in case of DEN and WN, vaccines are still in developing level, especially, it has been difficult to achieve the long-term protective immune response. The first licensed DEN vaccine, which is a live attenuated vaccine, was administered in countries where the virus is endemic, and has a potential to cause serious side effects, especially when administered to younger population as observed in the Philippines vaccination drive. In the case of WN, although the purified inactivated virion-based vaccine worked effectively as a veterinary vaccine for horses, no effective vaccine has yet been licensed for humans. The induction of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell responses is essential to complete protection by these viruses, as evidenced by responses to asymptomatic infections. Many studies have shown that neutralizing antibody (NAb) response is against surface structural proteins; CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ responses are mainly directed against nonstructural proteins rather than NAb response. New data suggest that encapsulating virus vaccines in nanoparticles (NPs) will direct antigen in cytoplasmic compartment by antigen-presenting cells, which will improve presentation to CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Since tissue culture-derived, purified inactivated viruses are easier to manufacture and safer than developing live virus vaccines, inclusion of NP provides an attractive alternative for generating robust flaviviral vaccines that are affordable with long-lived protection.

中文翻译：

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印度针对登革热和西尼罗河病毒的疫苗：时刻需要。

黄病毒，登革热（DEN），日本脑炎（JE）和西尼罗河（WN）病毒以及其他病毒的发行在许多国家引起了人们的广泛关注。JE和DEN都在印度大部分地区流行。WN病毒感染虽然在南部地区流行了很多年，但近年来已证明WN脑炎患者。尽管已经开发了针对JE的疫苗并减少了暴发，但在DEN和WN的情况下，疫苗仍处于发展水平，尤其是，很难实现长期的保护性免疫应答。第一种获得许可的DEN疫苗是减毒活疫苗，已在该病毒流行的国家/地区接种，并且有可能引起严重的副作用，尤其是在菲律宾疫苗接种活动中观察到的对年轻人群给药时。就WN而言，尽管纯化的灭活的基于病毒体的疫苗可以有效地用作马的兽用疫苗，但尚未有有效的疫苗被许可用于人类。CD4的诱导⁺和CD8 ⁺ T细胞应答对于完全保护这些病毒至关重要，如对无症状感染的应答所证明。许多研究表明，中和抗体（NAb）的反应是针对表面结构蛋白的。CD4 ⁺和CD8 ⁺反应主要针对非结构蛋白，而非NAb反应。新数据表明，将病毒疫苗封装在纳米颗粒（NPs）中将通过抗原呈递细胞将抗原引导到细胞质区室，这将改善向CD4 ⁺和CD8 ^+的呈递。T细胞。由于源自组织培养物的纯化的灭活病毒比开发活病毒疫苗更容易制造和安全，因此，加入NP提供了一种有吸引力的替代方案，可产生耐用的黄病毒疫苗，这种疫苗具有长期的保护作用。