AIM To evaluate a modular 3D print training dental model with embedded human teeth and electronic working length determination for undergraduate endodontic education. METHODOLOGY Cone-beam volume tomography data of a human skull were transferred into stereolithographic (STL) data, and a customizable modular 3D print model with individually removable sextants and teeth was generated for the use in commercially available phantom heads. Each of sixty-eight students performed a complete root canal treatment on an extracted human tooth. Working lengths were determined with electronic apex locators (EAL) and verified radiographically. Subsequently, an evaluation was carried out with regard to the difficulty of the working steps access cavity preparation, working length determination, root canal preparation/irrigation and canal filling, and these steps were compared to commonly used benchtop models. Additionally, the agreement of electronic and radiographic working length determination was assessed and analysed statistically with the chi-square test. RESULTS A total of 68 teeth (20 incisors, 26 premolars and 22 molars) with 127 root canals were treated. In total, 87% of the students considered the modular 3D print model considerably more demanding than the conventional benchtop model. Overall, 96% felt better prepared for the clinical situation, 92% felt markedly reduced stress levels during endodontic practice in the subsequent clinical courses, and 93% of the students suggested the model should be used in future preclinical endodontic training. The preradiographic use of EAL resulted in 85% of the cases having radiographically acceptable working length determination within 0-2 mm from the radiographic apex. Readings more than 2 mm from the apex or beyond were significantly more common in molars than in premolars and incisors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of students rated the modular 3D print training model positively despite it being more demanding. They also recommended its use in preclinical teaching and training. The model allowed a more realistic simulation of the clinical situation with a simultaneous use of EALs and led to reduced stress levels in endodontic treatment in the subsequent clinical courses.

中文翻译：

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在牙髓教育中对模块化3D打印模型的感知。

目的评估具有嵌入式人牙和电子工作长度确定功能的模块化3D打印训练牙科模型，用于本科牙髓教育。方法学将人类头骨的锥形束体层摄影术数据转换为立体光刻（STL）数据，并生成具有可单独拆卸的六分仪和牙齿的可定制模块化3D打印模型，以用于市售幻影头。68名学生中的每位都对拔出的人类牙齿进行了完整的根管治疗。工作长度是用电子顶点定位器（EAL）确定的，并通过射线照相证实。随后，对进入腔体准备工作，工作长度确定，根管准备/灌溉和根管充填的工作步骤的难度进行了评估，并将这些步骤与常用台式模型进行了比较。此外，通过卡方检验评估和统计分析电子和射线照相工作长度的一致性。结果共治疗了68颗牙齿（20颗切牙，26颗前磨牙和22颗磨牙）和127条根管。总体而言，有87％的学生认为模块化3D打印模型比传统台式模型要求更高。总体而言，有96％的人为临床情况做好了充分的准备，有92％的人认为在随后的临床课程中进行牙髓治疗时压力水平显着降低，并且93％的学生建议该模型应在以后的临床前牙髓治疗中使用。EAL的放射照相前使用导致85％的病例在距放射线顶点0-2 mm范围内确定了放射线可接受的工作长度。与磨牙和前门牙相比，在磨牙中距顶点或远处的读数超过2 mm更为常见（P <0.05）。结论尽管要求更高，但绝大多数学生还是对模块化3D打印培训模型给予了积极的评价。他们还建议在临床前教学和培训中使用它。该模型允许在同时使用EAL的情况下更真实地模拟临床情况，并在随后的临床课程中降低了牙髓治疗中的压力水平。05）。结论尽管要求更高，但绝大多数学生还是对模块化3D打印培训模型给予了积极的评价。他们还建议在临床前教学和培训中使用它。该模型允许在同时使用EAL的情况下更真实地模拟临床情况，并在随后的临床课程中降低了牙髓治疗中的压力水平。05）。结论尽管要求更高，绝大多数学生还是对模块化3D打印培训模型给予了积极的评价。他们还建议在临床前教学和培训中使用它。该模型允许在同时使用EAL的情况下更真实地模拟临床情况，并在随后的临床课程中降低了牙髓治疗中的压力水平。