Few advances in schizophrenia research have been translated into clinical practice, despite 60 years of serum biomarkers studies and 50 years of genetic studies. During the last 30 years, neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia have gradually increased, partly due to the beautiful prospect that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia could be explained entirely by the Human Connectome Project (HCP). However, the fallacy of reverse inference has been a critical problem of the HCP. For this reason, there is a dire need for new strategies or research "bridges" to further schizophrenia at the biological level. To understand the importance of research "bridges," it is vital to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the recent literature. Hence, in this review, our team has summarized the recent literature (1995-2018) about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of schizophrenia in terms of regional and global structural and functional alterations. We have also provided a new proposal that may supplement the HCP for studying schizophrenia. As postulated, despite the vast number of MRI studies in schizophrenia, the lack of homogeneity between the studies, along with the relatedness of schizophrenia with other neurological disorders, has hindered the study of schizophrenia. In addition, the reverse inference cannot be used to diagnose schizophrenia, further limiting the clinical impact of findings from medical imaging studies. We believe that multidisciplinary technologies may be used to develop research "bridges" to further investigate schizophrenia at the single neuron or neuron cluster levels. We have postulated about future strategies for overcoming the current limitations and establishing the research "bridges," with an emphasis on multimodality imaging, molecular imaging, neuron cluster signals, single transmitter biomarkers, and nanotechnology. These research "bridges" may help solve the reverse inference fallacy and improve our understanding of schizophrenia for future studies.

中文翻译：

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解决未来精神分裂症 MRI 研究中反向推理谬误的策略：综述。


尽管进行了 60 年的血清生物标志物研究和 50 年的遗传学研究，但精神分裂症研究的进展很少转化为临床实践。近30年来，关于精神分裂症的神经影像学研究逐渐增多，部分原因在于人类连接组计划（HCP）可以完全解释精神分裂症的病理生理学的美好前景。然而，逆向推理的谬误一直是 HCP 的一个关键问题。因此，迫切需要新的策略或研究“桥梁”来在生物学水平上进一步研究精神分裂症。为了理解研究“桥梁”的重要性，检查最近文献的优点和缺点至关重要。因此，在这篇综述中，我们的团队总结了有关精神分裂症磁共振成像（MRI）的最新文献（1995-2018）的区域和整体结构和功能改变。我们还提供了一项新提案，可以补充研究精神分裂症的 HCP。正如所假设的，尽管对精神分裂症进行了大量的 MRI 研究，但这些研究之间缺乏同质性，以及精神分裂症与其他神经系统疾病的相关性，阻碍了精神分裂症的研究。此外，反向推理不能用于诊断精神分裂症，进一步限制了医学影像研究结果的临床影响。我们相信，多学科技术可用于开发研究“桥梁”，以进一步研究单个神经元或神经元簇水平的精神分裂症。 我们提出了克服当前限制并建立研究“桥梁”的未来策略，重点是多模态成像、分子成像、神经元簇信号、单一递质生物标志物和纳米技术。这些研究“桥梁”可能有助于解决反向推理谬误，并提高我们对精神分裂症的理解，为未来的研究提供帮助。