Animal interactions are a crucial aspect of behavioral ecology that affect mating, territorial behavior, resource use, and disease spread. Commonly, animals will interact because of shared resources. Recent methods have used time geography to map landscape areas where interactions were possible. However, such methods do not identify areas of less direct interaction, like through smell or sight. These indirect or asynchronous interactions are also a crucial aspect of animal behavioral ecology and affect group behaviors such as leading/following hierarchies and joint resource use. Asynchronous interactions are difficult to map because they can occur in a synchronous space at asynchronous times, as well as in asynchronous spaces at a synchronous time. Here, we present a method termed the temporally asynchronous‐joint potential path area (ta‐jPPA) that maps areas of potential temporally asynchronous–spatially synchronous interactions. We used simulated data to statistically test ta‐jPPA and empirical data to demonstrate how ta‐jPPA can find patterns in habitat use.

中文翻译：

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动物遥测数据中异步时间交互作用的映射区域

动物相互作用是影响交配，领土行为，资源利用和疾病传播的行为生态学的重要方面。通常，动物会由于共享资源而互动。最近的方法已经使用时间地理来绘制可能相互作用的景观区域。但是，这样的方法不能识别出直接相互作用较少的区域，例如通过气味或视觉。这些间接或异步交互也是动物行为生态学的重要方面，并且会影响群体行为，例如领导/跟随层次结构和联合资源使用。异步交互很难映射，因为它们既可以在异步时间在同步空间中发生，也可以在同步时间在异步空间中发生。这里，我们提出了一种称为时间异步联合潜在路径区域（ta-jPPA）的方法，该方法映射了潜在的时间异步-空间同步交互区域。我们使用模拟数据对ta‐jPPA进行统计测试，并使用经验数据来证明ta‐jPPA如何找到栖息地使用方式。