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Studies of supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber for use as Stokes beam in a single‐laser femtosecond micro‐CARS setup
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-04 , DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5897
Serena Gagliardi 1 , Michele Marrocco 1 , Flaminia Rondino 1 , Domenico Palumbo 1 , Caterina Merla 1 , Mauro Falconieri 1
Affiliation  

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have gained popularity thanks to the use of their broad and efficient supercontinuum (SC) emission as Stokes source in ultrafast multiplex coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Here, the infrared portion of the SC emitted by a widely used PCF is studied in a basic CARS experiment with a single laser oscillator operated at various conditions of power and chirp values. The dependence of the SC and CARS signal of reference cyclohexane sample on the operative conditions of the laser is examined and illustrated by means of statistical approaches that serve the purpose of defining and quantifying the reliability of CARS measurements in relation to the characteristic of the Stokes pulse coming from the fiber. Statistical techniques based on principal component analysis, on calculation of statistical momenta of the SC spectra, and on Allan variance studies are introduced to help to identify the best working regime. Principal component analysis was used to quantify the correlation of SC spectra with PCF input power, which is found to be stronger at high laser beam chirp values. First and second momenta of SC spectra allow identification of best operating conditions with respect to peak emission wavelength and spectral width. Finally, the behavior of Allan variance shows that the time stability of Stokes and CARS signals clearly depends on the chirp of the pump pulse, evidencing that high chirp conditions correspond to lower variance values at the expense of stability for longer measurement times.

中文翻译:

在单激光飞秒微CARS装置中用作斯托克斯束的光子晶体光纤中产生超连续谱的研究

光子晶体光纤(PCF)在超快速多路相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微镜中广泛用作有效斯托克斯源,这是由于其广泛而有效的超连续谱(SC)发射而受到欢迎。在这里,在一个基本的CARS实验中研究了由广泛使用的PCF发射的SC的红外部分,该实验使用了一个在功率和线性调频值的各种条件下运行的单个激光振荡器。通过统计方法来检查和说明参考环己烷样品的SC和CARS信号与激光操作条件之间的相关性,该统计方法用于定义和量化与Stokes脉冲特性有关的CARS测量的可靠性来自纤维。基于主成分分析的统计技术,在计算SC频谱的统计动量时,以及在进行艾伦方差研究时,都有助于确定最佳工作方案。主成分分析用于量化SC光谱与PCF输入功率的相关性,发现在高激光束chi值下,该相关性更强。SC光谱的第一和第二个动量可以确定关于峰值发射波长和光谱宽度的最佳工作条件。最后,艾伦方差的行为表明,斯托克斯和CARS信号的时间稳定性明显取决于泵浦脉冲的线性调频,这表明高线性调频条件对应于较低的方差值,但会牺牲较长测量时间的稳定性。主成分分析用于量化SC光谱与PCF输入功率的相关性,发现在高激光束chi值下,该相关性更强。SC光谱的第一和第二个动量可以确定关于峰值发射波长和光谱宽度的最佳工作条件。最后,艾伦方差的行为表明,斯托克斯和CARS信号的时间稳定性明显取决于泵浦脉冲的线性调频,这表明高线性调频条件对应于较低的方差值,但会牺牲较长测量时间的稳定性。主成分分析用于量化SC光谱与PCF输入功率的相关性,发现在高激光束chi值下,该相关性更强。SC光谱的第一和第二个动量可以确定关于峰值发射波长和光谱宽度的最佳工作条件。最后,艾伦方差的行为表明,斯托克斯和CARS信号的时间稳定性明显取决于泵浦脉冲的线性调频,这表明高线性调频条件对应于较低的方差值,但会牺牲较长测量时间的稳定性。SC光谱的第一和第二个动量可以确定关于峰值发射波长和光谱宽度的最佳工作条件。最后,艾伦方差的行为表明,斯托克斯和CARS信号的时间稳定性明显取决于泵浦脉冲的线性调频,这表明高线性调频条件对应于较低的方差值,但会牺牲较长测量时间的稳定性。SC光谱的第一和第二个动量可以确定关于峰值发射波长和光谱宽度的最佳工作条件。最后,艾伦方差的行为表明,斯托克斯和CARS信号的时间稳定性明显取决于泵浦脉冲的线性调频,这表明高线性调频条件对应于较低的方差值,但会牺牲较长测量时间的稳定性。
更新日期:2020-05-04
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