Grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevine worldwide. In order to better understand the cellular processes involved in resistance to downy mildew, leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Centennial Seedless’ (susceptible) and Vitis labrusca×Vitis riparia cv. ‘Beta’ (resistant) were inoculated with Plasmopara viticola, and were used in the Illumina HiSeq™2000 platform for deep transcriptome sequencing. We performed transcriptome analysis and identified a total of 1091 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the disease-resistant cultivar and 849 in the susceptible cultivar. To increase understanding of the DEGs, the datasets were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) database. Most of them were found to be associated with plant–pathogen interaction, flavonoid synthesis, phenylpropanoid synthesis metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction. Moreover, transcription factors ERF, MYB, WRKY, and bHLH associated with disease resistance were screened. A total of 196 genes were identified as the candidate resistant genes. The expression of 18 differentially expressed genes was detected by RT-qPCR. Finally, the pattern of differentially expressed genes was consistent with the result of transcriptome sequencing. The present study identified several candidate resistance genes and signal transduction pathways that may contribute to downy mildew resistance in grapes.

中文翻译：

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葡萄品种对葡萄绒线虫感染早期反应的候选抗性基因选择和转录组分析

葡萄霜霉病（Plasmopara viticola）是全世界葡萄藤中最具破坏性的疾病之一。为了更好地了解与抗霜霉病有关的细胞过程，Vitis vinifera cv的叶子。'百年无核'（易感）和Vitis labrusca × Vitis riparia cv。将“ Beta”（抗性）接种到葡萄绒单胞菌中，并在Illumina HiSeq™2000平台中用于深度转录组测序。我们进行了转录组分析，在抗病品种中共鉴定了1091个差异表达基因（DEG），在易感品种中鉴定出了849个差异表达基因。为了增加对DEG的理解，使用基因本体论（GO）和《京都议定书》的基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）数据库对数据集进行了分析。他们中的大多数被发现与植物-病原体相互作用，类黄酮合成，苯丙烷合成代谢和植物激素信号转导有关。此外，筛选了与疾病抗性相关的转录因子ERF，MYB，WRKY和bHLH。总共鉴定出196个基因为候选抗性基因。通过RT-qPCR检测18个差异表达基因的表达。最后，差异表达基因的模式与转录组测序的结果一致。本研究确定了几种候选抗性基因和信号转导途径，可能有助于葡萄的霜霉病抗性。