A central problem in evolutionary biology is to determine whether adaptive phenotypic variation within species (microevolution) ultimately gives rise to new species (macroevolution). Predation environment can select for trait divergence among populations within species. The implied hypothesis is that the selection resulting from predation environment that creates population divergence within species would continue across the speciation boundary such that patterns of divergence after speciation would be a magnified accumulation of the trait variation observed before speciation. In this paper, we test for congruence in the mechanisms of microevolution and macroevolution by comparing the patterns of life history divergence among three closely related species of the livebearer genus Brachyrhaphis (Poeciliidae), namely B. rhabdophora, B. roseni, and B. terrabensis. Within B. rhabdophora, populations occur in either predator or predator-free environments, and have been considered to be at a nascent stage of speciation. Sister species B. roseni and B. terrabensis are segregated into predator and predator-free environments, respectively, and represent a post-speciation comparison. Male and female size at maturity, clutch size, and offspring size (and to a lesser extent reproductive allocation) all diverged according to predation environment and differences were amplified through evolutionary time, i.e., across the speciation boundary. Variation observed among nascent species differentiated by predation environment is a good predictor of variation among established species differentiated by predation environment. We found no evidence for different processes or different levels of selection acting across the speciation boundary, suggesting that macroevolution in these species can be understood as an accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes.

中文翻译：

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捕食对活体鱼类的生活史差异：宏观进化障碍有微进化吗？

进化生物学中的一个中心问题是确定物种内的适应性表型变异（微进化）最终是否会导致新物种的出现（宏观进化）。捕食环境可以选择物种内种群之间的性状差异。隐含的假设是，在物种内部造成种群分化的捕食环境所导致的选择将继续贯穿物种形成边界，从而物种形成之后的分化模式将是物种形成之前观察到的性状变异的放大积累。在本文中，我们通过比较三种与生命相关的近距离物种活体属Brachyrhaphis的生活史差异模式，来检验微进化和宏观进化机制的一致性。（胎鳉），即B. rhabdophora，B. roseni，和B. terrabensis。在鼠疫双歧杆菌内，种群发生在捕食者或无捕食者的环境中，并被认为处于物种形成的初期。大姐种B. roseni和B. terrabensis它们分别被隔离到捕食者和无捕食者的环境中，并代表物种形成后的比较。雄性和雌性成熟期的大小，离合器的大小和后代的大小（以及较小程度的生殖分配）根据捕食环境而有所不同，并且差异随着进化时间而扩大，即越过物种边界。被捕食环境分化的新生物种之间观察到的变异是被捕食环境分化的成熟物种之间的变异的良好预测因子。我们没有发现跨物种边界作用的不同过程或不同选择水平的证据，这表明这些物种的宏观进化可以理解为微进化变化的积累。