The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is the most significant pathological threat to the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, leading to the death of most colonies if left untreated. An alternative approach to chemical treatments is to selectively enhance heritable honey bee traits of resistance or tolerance to the mite through breeding programs, or select for naturally surviving untreated colonies. We conducted a literature review of all studies documenting traits of A. mellifera populations either selectively bred or naturally selected for resistance and tolerance to mite parasitism. This allowed us to conduct an analysis of the diversity, distribution and importance of the traits in different honey bee populations that can survive V. destructor globally. In a second analysis, we investigated the genetic bases of these different phenotypes by comparing ’omics studies (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) of A. mellifera resistance and tolerance to the parasite. Altogether, this review provides a detailed overview of the current state of the research projects and breeding efforts against the most devastating parasite of A. mellifera. By highlighting the most promising traits of Varroa-surviving bees and our current knowledge on their genetic bases, this work will help direct future research efforts and selection programs to control this pest. Additionally, by comparing the diverse populations of honey bees that exhibit those traits, this review highlights the consequences of anthropogenic and natural selection in the interactions between hosts and parasites.

外寄生螨Varroa destructor是对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera最重要的病理威胁，如果不加以治疗会导致大多数蜂群死亡。化学处理的另一种方法是通过育种计划选择性地增强可遗传的蜜蜂对螨的抗性或耐受性，或选择自然存活的未经处理的蜂群。我们对所有记录蜜蜂种群特征的研究进行了文献综述，这些特征要么是选择性繁殖的，要么是自然选择的，以抵抗和耐受螨虫寄生。这使我们能够对可以生存的不同蜜蜂种群中特征的多样性、分布和重要性进行分析。五、全局析构。在第二次分析中，我们通过比较蜜蜂对寄生虫的抗性和耐受性的组学研究（基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学）来研究这些不同表型的遗传基础。总之，这篇综述详细概述了研究项目的现状以及针对最具破坏性的蜜蜂花寄生虫的育种工作。通过突出Varroa最有前途的特征- 幸存的蜜蜂和我们目前对其遗传基础的了解，这项工作将有助于指导未来的研究工作和选择计划来控制这种害虫。此外，通过比较表现出这些特征的不同蜜蜂种群，本综述强调了人为和自然选择在宿主和寄生虫之间的相互作用中的后果。