Impaired vaccine responses in older individuals are associated with alterations in both the quantity and quality of the T-cell compartment with age. As reviewed herein, the T-cell response to vaccination requires a fine balance between the generation of inflammatory effector T cells versus follicular helper T (TFH) cells that mediate high-affinity antibody production in tandem with the induction of long-lived memory cells for effective recall immunity. During aging, we find that this balance is tipped where T cells favor short-lived effector but not memory or TFH responses. Consistently, vaccine-induced antibodies commonly display a lower protective capacity. Mechanistically, multiple, potentially targetable, changes in T cells have been identified that contribute to these age-related defects, including posttranscription regulation, T-cell receptor signaling, and metabolic function. Although research into the induction of tissue-specific immunity by vaccines and with age is still limited, current mechanistic insights provide a framework for improved design of age-specific vaccination strategies that require further evaluation in a clinical setting.

中文翻译：

---

免疫老化对疫苗反应的影响。


老年人疫苗反应受损与 T 细胞区室的数量和质量随年龄的变化有关。如本文所述，T细胞对疫苗接种的反应需要炎症效应T细胞的产生与滤泡辅助T细胞（TFH）之间的良好平衡，TFH细胞介导高亲和力抗体的产生，同时诱导长寿命记忆细胞有效的回忆免疫力。在衰老过程中，我们发现这种平衡发生了倾斜，T 细胞偏向于短期效应，而不是记忆或 TFH 反应。一致的是，疫苗诱导的抗体通常表现出较低的保护能力。从机制上讲，T 细胞中多种潜在的可靶向变化已被确定，这些变化导致了这些与年龄相关的缺陷，包括转录后调节、T 细胞受体信号传导和代谢功能。尽管对疫苗诱导组织特异性免疫以及随着年龄的增长的研究仍然有限，但目前的机制见解为改进设计年龄特异性疫苗接种策略提供了框架，需要在临床环境中进一步评估。