Abstract Bio-polyurethane adhesives ( bio-PU ) of high renewable content ( up to 87% ) were produced using biomass biopolyols obtained previously via crude-glycerol mediated solvothermal liquefaction of three industrial biomass residue feedstocks: digested sewage sludge, hemp stalk hurds and sugar beet pulp, and commercial pentamethylene diisocyanate. The produced adhesives were capable of exhibiting tensile strength values within the threshold of two commercially available polyurethane ( PU ) wood adhesives ( 5.77–11.03 MPa ) . Varying biomass feedstock particle size and dry matter content, adhesive formulation isocyanate to hydroxyl group ratios and biomass biopolyol blending with blank crude glycerol biopolyol showed varying effects on the adhesives produced. Although bio-PU adhesives exhibited lower thermal stability, the non-flame retarded adhesives showed lower potential for fire spread and nearly identical flammability with lower heat release rates in the cone calorimeter. In terms of fire toxicity, biopolyol adhesives were found to be less toxic in well-ventilated flaming fire scenarios, with significantly lower smoke and CO production than the commercial formulation. However, both commercial and biopolyol adhesives yielded significant quantities of CO and HCN toxicants when tested in under-ventilated and post-flashover fire scenarios. Here, the tested bio-PU bound wood system exhibited 25–30% higher fractional effective doses compared to the commercial PU adhesive analogue. The biopolyol adhesives were much more hydrophilic ( water uptake of up to 119% ) , less stable dimensionally ( max. elongation of 3% ) , contained significantly more water soluble components ( up to 43% ) , and biodegraded at higher rates ( up to 0.89%/month ) , compared to commercial PU. They were, nonetheless, hydrolytically stable as their tensile strengths did not decrease below levels after water soaking and drying. Overall, the adhesives produced show promise as sustainable alternatives in applications where high thermal stability and low water uptake are not crucial parameters.

中文翻译：

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高可再生含量液化残留生物质衍生生物聚氨酯木材胶粘剂的机械、热性能和稳定性

摘要 利用先前通过粗甘油介导的三种工业生物质残渣原料的溶剂热液化获得的生物质生物多元醇生产具有高可再生含量（高达 87%）的生物聚氨酯粘合剂 (bio-PU)：消化的污水污泥、大麻秸秆和糖。甜菜浆和商业五亚甲基二异氰酸酯。所生产的粘合剂能够在两种市售聚氨酯 (PU) 木材粘合剂 (5.77–11.03 MPa) 的阈值内表现出拉伸强度值。不同的生物质原料粒度和干物质含量、粘合剂配方异氰酸酯与羟基的比例以及与空白粗甘油生物多元醇混合的生物质生物多元醇对生产的粘合剂显示出不同的影响。虽然生物 PU 粘合剂表现出较低的热稳定性，非阻燃粘合剂显示出较低的火灾蔓延可能性和几乎相同的可燃性，并且在锥形量热仪中具有较低的热释放率。在火灾毒性方面，发现生物多元醇粘合剂在通风良好的明火场景中毒性较低，与商业配方相比，烟雾和二氧化碳的产生量显着降低。然而，在通风不足和闪络后火灾场景中进行测试时，商用和生物多元醇粘合剂都会产生大量的 CO 和 HCN 毒物。在这里，与商业 PU 粘合剂类似物相比，测试的生物 PU 粘合木材系统表现出高 25-30% 的部分有效剂量。生物多元醇粘合剂更亲水（吸水率高达 119%），尺寸稳定性较差（最大伸长率为 3%），与商业 PU 相比，含有明显更多的水溶性成分（高达 43%），并且以更高的速率（高达 0.89%/月）生物降解。尽管如此，它们还是水解稳定的，因为它们的拉伸强度在水浸泡和干燥后不会降低到低于水平。总的来说，在高热稳定性和低吸水率不是关键参数的应用中，生产的粘合剂显示出作为可持续替代品的前景。