Abstract A comprehensive study on the sources of groundwater contamination in the Triassic carbonate aquifer, southern Poland, was conducted. The Gliwice aquifer is an important source of potable water in the Silesia region, the most industrialized part of Poland. Groundwater quality has been deteriorating over the last decades, which encouraged researchers to undertake comprehensive study to identify the sources and fates of the observed pollution. The presented study comprised analyses of major and minor ions, trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6, Ne and Ar in groundwater. The results showed that shallow groundwater within the Tarnowskie Gory town, located in the recharge zone of the aquifer, was more contaminated than groundwater abstracted from deeper part of the aquifer within the town, as well as groundwater located downgradient. A contamination plume of boron indicated an impact of the closed chemical plant, operating in the 20th century. Groundwater in the vicinity of the chemical plant was significantly altered, which was manifested by elevated concentrations of Cl−, SO42-, Na+, total Fe and Mn. The study revealed groundwater contamination with CFC-11 and CFC-12. Comparison of concentrations obtained in two field campaigns (in 2010 and 2015) showed an increase in the extent of pollution plumes. The third analysed gaseous tracer, SF6, did not appear to come from non-atmospheric sources, therefore, it was possible to calculate groundwater age using lumped parameter models. The results showed relatively young ages of the analysed groundwater samples, from 4 to 5 to 30–50 years. The youngest groundwater were found close to the Drama River, suggesting infiltration of the surface water into the carbonate aquifer. This feature of the river was confirmed by the observation of TCE and PCE concentrations in groundwater. Central part of the Tarnowskie Gory town was a source area for TCE and PCE contamination. Two directions of pollutants migration were observed, one of them was induced by the drainage of the historic ore mine and subsequently the Drama River – recipient of water coming from the mine drainage.

中文翻译：

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使用水文地球化学示踪剂、TCE、PCE、SF6 和 CFC 追踪复杂碳酸盐含水层（Tarnowskie Góry，波兰南部）中地下水污染的多种来源

摘要 对波兰南部三叠系碳酸盐岩含水层地下水污染源进行了综合研究。格利维采含水层是波兰工业化程度最高的西里西亚地区的重要饮用水源。在过去的几十年中，地下水质量一直在恶化，这鼓励研究人员进行综合研究，以确定所观察到的污染的来源和归宿。所提出的研究包括对地下水中的主要和次要离子、三氯乙烯 (TCE) 和四氯乙烯 (PCE)、CFC-11、CFC-12、SF6、Ne 和 Ar 的分析。结果表明，位于含水层补给区的 Tarnowskie Gory 镇内的浅层地下水比从镇内含水层较深部分抽取的地下水污染更严重，以及位于下梯度的地下水。硼的污染羽流表明 20 世纪运营的封闭化工厂的影响。化工厂附近的地下水发生了显着变化，表现为 Cl-、SO42-、Na+、总 Fe 和 Mn 浓度升高。研究表明地下水受到 CFC-11 和 CFC-12 的污染。在两次实地活动（2010 年和 2015 年）中获得的浓度比较显示污染羽流的程度有所增加。第三个分析的气体示踪剂 SF6 似乎不是来自非大气源，因此，可以使用集总参数模型计算地下水年龄。结果显示分析的地下水样品的年龄相对较小，从 4 到 5 到 30 到 50 年。在戏剧河附近发现了最年轻的地下水，表明地表水渗入了碳酸盐含水层。对地下水中 TCE 和 PCE 浓度的观察证实了这条河流的这一特征。Tarnowskie Gory 镇的中心部分是 TCE 和 PCE 污染的源头区。观察到污染物迁移的两个方向，一个是由历史悠久的矿井的排水引起的，随后是戏剧河——来自矿井排水的水的接收者。