Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in only 3 months. In addition to major respiratory distress, characteristic neurological manifestations are also described, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may be an underestimated opportunistic pathogen of the brain. Based on previous studies of neuroinvasive human respiratory coronaviruses, it is proposed that after physical contact with the nasal mucosa, laryngopharynx, trachea, lower respiratory tract, alveoli epithelium, or gastrointestinal mucosa, SARS-CoV-2 can induce intrinsic and innate immune responses in the host involving increased cytokine release, tissue damage, and high neurosusceptibility to COVID-19, especially in the hypoxic conditions caused by lung injury. In some immune-compromised individuals, the virus may invade the brain through multiple routes, such as the vasculature and peripheral nerves. Therefore, in addition to drug treatments, such as pharmaceuticals and traditional Chinese medicine, non-pharmaceutical precautions, including facemasks and hand hygiene, are critically important.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 患者的神经系统表现：SARS-CoV-2 从外周到大脑的神经侵袭的潜在途径。

由严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 仅在 3 个月内就引起了全球大流行。除了主要的呼吸窘迫外，还描述了特征性的神经系统表现，表明 SARS-CoV-2 可能是一种被低估的大脑机会性病原体。基于以往对神经侵袭性人类呼吸道冠状病毒的研究，提出SARS-CoV-2与鼻黏膜、喉咽、气管、下呼吸道、肺泡上皮或胃肠道黏膜物理接触后，可诱导内在和先天免疫反应。宿主涉及增加的细胞因子释放、组织损伤和对 COVID-19 的高度神经易感性，尤其是在肺损伤引起的缺氧条件下。在一些免疫功能低下的个体中，病毒可能通过多种途径侵入大脑，例如脉管系统和周围神经。因此，除了药物治疗（如药物和中药）外，非药物预防措施（包括口罩和手部卫生）也至关重要。