Around the world, mangrove ecosystem has faced major threats from human activities, and birds were unexceptionally impacted. Mangrove fringe a large extent of the east and west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The intertidal gradients along the coastline, has formed a brackish zone (back-mangrove), which exhibited different pattern of mangrove species, but received much less attention. In this study, we compare species assemblages of birds based on different level of anthropogenic pressures at different back-mangroves sites; KY; KD and KST which is measured by analysis of land use change for 15 years using ERDAS Imagine. 97 species from 36 families of birds were recorded from all sites, dominated by family Alcedinidae (kingfishers), Ardeidae (egrets, herons) and Coraciidae (dollarbirds). Anthropogenic disturbance changes the landscape structure, with reduction of mangrove cover, other than increasing horticulture, urbanization, and monoculture plantation activities. This is most apparent at KY, followed by KD and lowest at KST, which also showed reducing in species abundance and richness of birds. Species assemblages of birds also differ, as highly disturbed sites exhibited a poorer representation of mangroves-specialist, compared to less disturbed sites as illustrated by the nMDS ordination. Finally, PERMANOVA analysis showed significant effect of the bird family and their ecological niches towards the species assemblages at different back-mangrove sites. The high abundance of open country species such as mynas, crows and doves at all sites indicate the influence of anthropogenic activities. Presence of several highly protected species indicates high conservation value of the back-mangrove zone, apart from their true-mangrove counterparts.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰对后红树林森林鸟类物种组成的影响

在世界范围内，红树林生态系统已受到人类活动的主要威胁，鸟类也受到了特别的影响。红树林边缘在马来西亚半岛东海岸和西海岸的很大范围内。沿海岸线的潮间带梯度形成了微咸带（后红树林），呈现出不同的红树林形态，但受到的关注却少得多。在这项研究中，我们根据在不同的红树林地区不同的人为压力水平，比较了鸟类的物种组成。肯塔基州; KD和KST是使用ERDAS Imagine通过分析15年的土地使用变化来测量的。在所有地点记录了来自36个鸟类家族的97种，其中以Alcedinidae（翠鸟），Ardeidae（白鹭，苍鹭）和Coraciidae（美元鸟）为主。人为干扰会改变景观结构，除了增加园艺，城市化和单一种植的种植活动以外，还减少了红树林的覆盖。这在肯塔基州最明显，其次是KD，最低的是KST，这也表明鸟类的物种丰富度和丰富度降低。鸟类的种类组合也有所不同，因为与nMDS指令所示的受干扰较少的地点相比，受高度干扰的地点对红树林专家的表示较差。最后，PERMANOVA分析表明，鸟类家族及其生态位对不同后红树林地点的物种组合有显着影响。在所有地点都有大量的空旷物种，如八哥，乌鸦和鸽子，表明了人类活动的影响。