Key message An in-depth characterization of the forests of 10 dominant species by stand variables at national scale showed, that overall, stands growing in the southernmost regions of Spain display low regeneration. Otherwise, the relationships between stand variables and geographic location are species dependent. Similarly, the degree of inter and interregional variability varies strongly among species. Context The regions of provenance can potentially be used as units with uniform ecological, phenotypic, and genetic traits to characterize forests. Aims Our objective was to characterize forests through stand variables at national scale for the 10 most widespread dominant tree species in Spain (five Pinaceae and five Fagaceae species) using the regions of provenance as ecologically homogeneous areas. Methods We used the National Forest Inventory as the dataset and multivariate analyses of variance with a bootstrapping and principal coordinates analysis for the statistical evaluation. Results Overall, the mean diameter of adult trees was negatively related to recruitment variables, and the mean height of adult trees was negatively related to shrub coverage and number of shrub species. The statistical analyses revealed significant differences between regions of provenance for all variables. The regions of provenance where Pinus sylvestris , P. nigra , P. pinea , Quercus suber , and Q. ilex are dominant, displayed a large variability among regions. In contrast, the regions of provenance for P. halepensis , Q. pyrenaica , and Q. faginea displayed a small low inter-regional variability. Conclusion Forest management as well as climate conditions shaped deeply forests, which lead to differences on stand variables among provenances by species. Stands growing on the southernmost locations, overall, are more prone to the forecasted climate change due to the low rates of regeneration.

中文翻译：

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西班牙不同来源地区林分变量的国家尺度变异

关键信息 根据国家尺度林分变量对 10 种优势树种的森林的深入描述表明，总体而言，西班牙最南端地区生长的林分显示低更新率。否则，林分变量和地理位置之间的关系取决于物种。同样，区域间和区域间变异的程度在物种之间差异很大。背景 原产地可能被用作具有统一生态、表型和遗传特征的单元来表征森林。目标 我们的目标是使用原产地作为生态均质区域，通过西班牙 10 种最广泛的优势树种（五种松科和五种壳斗科树种）在全国范围内通过林分变量来表征森林。方法 我们使用国家森林清单作为数据集和多元方差分析，并使用引导和主坐标分析进行统计评估。结果 总体而言，成年树的平均直径与招募变量呈负相关，成年树的平均高度与灌木覆盖率和灌木物种数量呈负相关。统计分析揭示了所有变量的来源地区之间的显着差异。以樟子松、黑松、松木、栎属、冬青等为主的种源区间差异较大。相比之下，P. halepensis、Q. pyrenaica 和 Q. faginea 的来源区域显示出较小的区域间变异性。结论 森林管理和气候条件塑造了深厚的森林，这导致了物种来源之间林分变量的差异。由于再生率低，在最南端生长的林分总体上更容易受到预测的气候变化的影响。