Abstract Phytolith reference collections of plants and surface soils are a critical part of studies that use these microbotanical remains for archaeological and paleoecological reconstruction. In the archaeologically-rich region of the Upper Madeira river in Rondonia, Brazil, phytolith analysis is being applied in both on- and off-site contexts in order to shed light on human-environment interactions over a period that extends almost the entire Holocene. The present study brings together data on phytolith production patterns among 90 native species, representing 36 plant families, as well as 56 surface soil samples taken from underneath 11 monitored forest plots. Our discussion focuses on the comparison between the surface soil phytolith records and the above-ground floristic inventories, scrutinized considering the plant reference collection results. We found that the phytoliths of several species which produce diagnostic or potentially-diagnostic morphotypes were under-represented in the surface soils, including several understory herbs. While the phytolith assemblages from three forest types (palm, sororoca and dense forest) presented considerable overlap, in accordance with similarities in the floristic inventories, bamboo forest and different types of campinaranas were able to be distinguished based on their phytolith signatures.

中文翻译：

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来自亚马逊河西南部马德拉河上游的本地植物和表层土壤的植硅体及其古生态重建潜力

摘要 植物和表层土壤的植硅体参考集合是使用这些微生物遗骸进行考古和古生态重建的研究的关键部分。在巴西朗多尼亚马德拉河上游考古资源丰富的地区，植硅体分析被应用于现场和场外环境，以揭示几乎整个全新世时期人类与环境的相互作用。本研究汇集了代表 36 个植物科的 90 个本地物种的植硅体生产模式的数据，以及从 11 个监测林地下面采集的 56 个表层土壤样本。我们的讨论集中在表层土壤植硅体记录与地上植物区系清单之间的比较，仔细考虑植物参考收集结果。我们发现产生诊断或潜在诊断形态类型的几种物种的植硅体在表层土壤中代表性不足，包括几种林下草本植物。虽然来自三种森林类型（棕榈、sororoca 和茂密森林）的植硅体组合呈现出相当大的重叠，但根据植物区系清单的相似性，竹林和不同类型的 Campinaranas 能够根据其植硅体特征进行区分。