Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes following the use of biologics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), infectious diseases, e.g., influenza, and solid tumor cancers. Females tend to experience more adverse reactions than males following the use of a class of biologics referred to as immunotherapies. For immunotherapies aimed at stimulating an immune response, e.g., influenza vaccines, females develop greater responses and may experience greater efficacy than males. In contrast, for immunotherapies that repress an immune response, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for RA or checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma, the efficacy is reportedly greater for males than females. Despite these differences, discrepancies in reporting differences between females and males exist, with females have been historically excluded from biomedical and clinical studies. There is a critical need for research that addresses the biological (i.e., sex) as well as sociocultural (i.e., gender) causes of male-female disparities in immunotherapy responses, toxicities, and outcomes. One-size-fits-all approaches to immunotherapies will not work, and sex/gender may contribute to variable treatment success, including adherence, in clinical settings.

中文翻译：

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性别对免疫治疗结果的影响。

免疫疗法通常用于自身免疫性疾病，传染性疾病和癌症的治疗，缓解和可能的治愈。经验证据表明，使用生物制剂治疗自身免疫性疾病（例如类风湿关节炎（RA），传染病（例如流感）和实体瘤）后，男女的结局不同。在使用一类称为免疫疗法的生物制剂之后，女性往往比男性经历更多的不良反应。对于旨在刺激免疫反应的免疫疗法，例如流感疫苗，女性比男性产生更大的反应，并且可能会遇到更大的功效。相反，对于抑制免疫反应的免疫疗法，例如RA的肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）抑制剂或黑素瘤的检查点抑制剂，据报道，男性的疗效比女性高。尽管存在这些差异，但在女性和男性之间报告差异方面存在差异，并且历史上一直将女性排除在生物医学和临床研究之外。迫切需要研究解决免疫疗法反应，毒性和结果中男女差异的生物学（即性别）和社会文化（即性别）原因的研究。千篇一律的免疫治疗方法将行不通，性别/性别可能会在临床环境中促成成功的治疗成功，包括依从性。迫切需要研究解决免疫疗法反应，毒性和结果中男女差异的生物学（即性别）和社会文化（即性别）原因的研究。千篇一律的免疫治疗方法将行不通，性别/性别可能会在临床环境中促成成功的治疗成功，包括依从性。迫切需要研究解决免疫疗法反应，毒性和结果中男女差异的生物学（即性别）和社会文化（即性别）原因的研究。千篇一律的免疫治疗方法将行不通，性别/性别可能会在临床环境中促进成功的治疗成功，包括依从性。