This comprehensive critical review combines, for the first time, recent advances in nanoscale surface chemistry, surface science, DFT, adsorption calorimetry, and in situ XRD and TEM to provide new insights into catalyst sintering. This work provides qualitative and quantitative estimates of the extent and rate of sintering as functions of nanocrystal (NC) size, temperature, and atmosphere. This review is unique in that besides summarizing important, useful data from previous studies, it also advances the field through addition of (i) improved or new models, (ii) new data summarized in original tables and figures, and (iii) new fundamental perspectives into sintering of supported metals and particularly of chemical sintering of supported Co during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. We demonstrate how the two widely accepted sintering mechanisms are largely sequential with some overlap and highly NC-size dependent, i.e., generally, small NCs sinter rapidly by Ostwald ripening, while larger NCs sinter slowly by crystallite migration and coalescence. In addition, we demonstrate how accumulated knowledge, principles, and recent advances, discussed in this review, can be utilized in the design of supported metal NCs highly resistant to sintering. Recommendations for improving the design of sintering experiments and for new research are addressed.

中文翻译：

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费-托合成过程中重点放在钴催化剂上的负载金属的化学和热烧结。

这项全面的批判性评论首次结合了纳米级表面化学，表面科学，DFT，吸附量热法和原位XRD和TEM的最新进展，从而为催化剂烧结提供了新的见解。这项工作提供了烧结的程度和速率的定性和定量估计，作为纳米晶体（NC）尺寸，温度和气氛的函数。这次审查的独特之处在于，除了总结以前研究中的重要，有用的数据之外，它还通过添加（i）改进的模型或新模型，（ii）原始表格和数据中总结的新数据以及（iii）新的基础知识来推动该领域的发展。费-托合成过程中载体金属的烧结，特别是载体钴化学烧结的前景。我们证明了这两个被广泛接受的烧结机制是如何在一定程度上具有一定重叠和高度依赖于NC尺寸的顺序排列的，即，通常，小的NC烧结是通过奥斯特瓦尔德熟化迅速进行的，而较大的NC则通过晶粒迁移和聚结而缓慢地进行烧结。此外，我们演示了如何将本综述中讨论的积累的知识，原理和最新进展用于高度抗烧结的支撑金属NC的设计。提出了有关改进烧结实验设计和进行新研究的建议。本文中讨论的方法，可用于设计具有高度抗烧结性的支撑金属NC。提出了有关改进烧结实验设计和进行新研究的建议。本文中讨论的方法，可用于设计高度耐烧结的支撑金属NC。提出了有关改进烧结实验设计和进行新研究的建议。