In 2014, almost 16 million tons of surfactants were used globally for cleaning and industrial applications. As a result, massive quantities disperse into environmental compartments every day. There is great market interest in developing highly biodegradable, less‐toxic, and renewable alternatives to currently used petroleum‐based surfactants. Glycolipid surfactants, composed of a sugar headgroup and lipid tail, are effective surfactants and emulsifiers with a high tolerance to electrolytes and are easily tailored to address specific needs. The green synthesis and surfactant characteristics of a suite of cellobiosides and melibiosides were recently described. The biodegradability and toxicity of 1°‐alkyl‐O‐cellobiosides, 2°‐alkyl‐O‐cellobiosides, and 1°‐alkyl‐O‐melibiosides with straight‐chain alkyl tails of 8, 10, and 12 are reported in this study. Biodegradability was assessed by quantifying mineralization (CO₂ evolution). All of the glycosides were inherently biodegradable and most were readily biodegradable according to OECD and US environmental protection agency (EPA) definitions. The Microtox acute toxicity assay showed both chain length and headgroup had significant effects on toxicity, but most of the molecules were practically nontoxic according to EPA definitions with EC₅₀ values >100 mg L⁻¹. Cytotoxicity to human lung (H1299) and keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) was measured by xCELLigence and MTS assays. Cytotoxicity values were comparable to similar glycosides previously reported. IC₅₀ values were determined but in general, exceeded surfactant concentrations that are found in the environment. These data demonstrate the promising nature of these molecules as green alternatives to petrochemical surfactants.

中文翻译：

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纤维杀菌素和美利比杀菌素的生物降解性和毒性

2014年，全球将近1600万吨的表面活性剂用于清洁和工业应用。结果，每天都有大量的污染物分散到环境隔间中。市场上对开发高度可生物降解，毒性较小和可再生的石油基表面活性剂替代品有极大的兴趣。由糖头基和脂质尾部组成的糖脂表面活性剂是有效的表面活性剂和乳化剂，对电解质具有很高的耐受性，可轻松定制以满足特定需求。最近描述了一组纤维双侧柏苷和半乳双侧柏酸酯的绿色合成和表面活性剂特性。本研究报告了1°-烷基-O-纤维二糖苷，2°-烷基-O-纤维二糖苷和1°-烷基-O-甲基糖苷的直链烷基尾巴分别为8、10和12的生物降解性和毒性。 。₂进化）。根据OECD和美国环境保护署（EPA）的定义，所有的糖苷都具有固有的生物可降解性，并且大多数都易于生物降解。Microtox急性毒性试验显示链长和头基均对毒性有明显影响，但根据EPA定义，大多数分子实际上无毒，EC ₅₀值> 100 mg L ^-1。通过xCELLigence和MTS分析来测量对人肺（H1299）和角质形成细胞系（HaCaT）的细胞毒性。细胞毒性值与先前报道的类似糖苷相当。IC ₅₀确定了该值，但通常超过了环境中发现的表面活性剂浓度。这些数据证明了这些分子作为石油化学表面活性剂的绿色替代品的有前途的性质。