Introduction: Automated image analysis provides an objective, quantitative, and reproducible method of measurement of biomarkers. Image quantification is particularly well suited for the analysis of tissue microarrays which has played a major pivotal role in the rapid assessment of molecular biomarkers. Data acquired from grinding up bulk tissue samples miss spatial information regarding cellular localization; therefore, methods that allow for spatial cell phenotyping at high resolution have proven to be valuable in many biomarker discovery assays. Here, we focus our attention on breast cancer as an example of a tumor type that has benefited from quantitative biomarker studies using tissue microarray format.Areas covered: The history of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry and the current status of these techniques, including multiplexing technologies (spectral and non-spectral) and image analysis software will be addressed. Finally, we will turn our attention to studies that have provided proof-of-principle evidence that have been impacted from the use of these techniques.Expert opinion: Assessment of prognostic and predictive biomarkers on tissue sections and TMA using Quantitative immunohistochemistry is an important advancement in the investigation of biologic markers. The challenges in standardization of quantitative technologies for accurate assessment are required for adoption into routine clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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定量免疫组织化学的进展及其对乳腺癌的贡献。

简介：自动图像分析提供了一种客观、定量和可重复的生物标志物测量方法。图像量化特别适用于组织微阵列的分析，它在分子生物标志物的快速评估中发挥了重要的关键作用。从研磨大块组织样本中获得的数据缺少有关细胞定位的空间信息；因此，允许以高分辨率进行空间细胞表型分析的方法已被证明在许多生物标志物发现分析中是有价值的。在这里，我们将注意力集中在乳腺癌作为肿瘤类型的一个例子上，该肿瘤类型已从使用组织微阵列格式的定量生物标志物研究中受益。涵盖的领域：免疫荧光和免疫组织化学的历史以及这些技术的现状，包括多路复用技术（光谱和非光谱）和图像分析软件。最后，我们将把注意力转向提供了受这些技术使用影响的原理证明证据的研究。 专家意见：使用定量免疫组织化学评估组织切片和 TMA 的预后和预测性生物标志物是一项重要的进步在生物标志物的研究中。在常规临床实践中采用定量技术进行标准化以进行准确评估所面临的挑战。专家意见：使用定量免疫组织化学对组织切片和 TMA 的预后和预测性生物标志物进行评估是生物标志物研究的重要进步。在常规临床实践中采用定量技术进行标准化以进行准确评估所面临的挑战。专家意见：使用定量免疫组织化学对组织切片和 TMA 的预后和预测性生物标志物进行评估是生物标志物研究的重要进步。在常规临床实践中采用定量技术进行标准化以进行准确评估所面临的挑战。