To date, various chemically synthesized and biosynthesized nanoparticles, or hybrid nanosystems and/or nanoplatforms, have been developed under the umbrella of nanomedicine. These can be introduced into the body orally, nasally, intratumorally or intravenously. Successfully translating hybrid nanoplatforms from preclinical proof-of-concept to therapeutic value in the clinic is challenging. Having made significant advances with drug delivery technologies, we must learn from other areas of oncology drug development, where patient stratification and target-driven design have improved patient outcomes. This review aims to identify gaps in our understanding of the current strengths of nanomedicine platforms in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. We report on the current approaches of nanomedicine at preclinical and clinical stages.

迄今为止，已在纳米医学的保护伞下开发了各种化学合成和生物合成的纳米粒子，或混合纳米系统和/或纳米平台。这些可以通过口服、鼻腔、肿瘤内或静脉内引入体内。成功地将混合纳米平台从临床前概念验证转化为临床治疗价值具有挑战性。在药物输送技术方面取得了重大进展后，我们必须向肿瘤药物开发的其他领域学习，在这些领域中，患者分层和目标驱动的设计已经改善了患者的治疗效果。本综述旨在确定我们对纳米医学平台在药物递送和癌症治疗诊断学方面的当前优势的理解上的差距。我们报告了临床前和临床阶段纳米医学的当前方法。