We developed a tilt sensor for studying ice deformation and installed our tilt sensor systems in two boreholes drilled close to the shear margin of Jarvis Glacier, Alaska to obtain kinematic measurements of streaming ice. We used the collected tilt data to calculate borehole deformation by tracking the orientation of the sensors over time. The sensors' tilts generally trended down-glacier, with an element of cross-glacier flow in the borehole closer to the shear margin. We also evaluated our results against flow dynamic parameters derived from Glen's exponential flow law and explored the parameter space of the stress exponent n and enhancement factor E. Comparison with values from ice deformation experiments shows that the ice on Jarvis is characterized by higher n values than that is expected in regions of low stress, particularly at the shear margin (~3.4). The higher n values could be attributed to the observed high total strains coupled with potential dynamic recrystallization, causing anisotropic development and consequently sped up ice flow. Jarvis' n values place the creep regime of the ice between basal slip and dislocation creep. Tuning E towards a theoretical upper limit of 10 for anisotropic ice with single-maximum fabric reduces the n values by 0.2.

中文翻译：

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一种用于研究冰变形的新型倾斜传感器：在阿拉斯加贾维斯冰川上的流冰应用

我们开发了一种用于研究冰变形的倾斜传感器，并将我们的倾斜传感器系统安装在靠近阿拉斯加贾维斯冰川剪切边缘的两个钻孔中，以获得流动冰的运动学测量结果。我们使用收集到的倾斜数据通过跟踪传感器随时间的方向来计算钻孔变形。传感器的倾斜通常呈冰川向下的趋势，在靠近剪切边缘的钻孔中存在跨冰川流动的元素。我们还针对源自 Glen 指数流动定律的流动动态参数评估了我们的结果，并探索了应力指数的参数空间n和增强因子乙. 与冰变形实验值的比较表明，贾维斯上的冰具有较高的n在低应力区域，特别是在剪切边缘（~3.4）处，值比预期的要高。越高n值可归因于观察到的高总应变加上潜在的动态重结晶，导致各向异性发展并因此加速冰流。贾维斯n值将冰的蠕变状态置于基底滑移和位错蠕变之间。调音乙对于具有单一最大织物的各向异性冰的理论上限 10 降低了n值 0.2。