Acoustic triangulation is a unique, relatively noninvasive monitoring approach that can inform our understanding of a species’ distribution in time and space. Acoustic triangulation relies on standard triangulation techniques to determine the location of an acoustic event. Howl surveys are frequently used to survey wolves (Canis lupus) and other canids. We evaluated the efficacy of acoustic triangulation for estimating the location of wolves. We measured precision and accuracy of acoustic triangulation using an experimental mock howl survey and field data collected with wild wolves in northern Wisconsin, USA (2014–2018). Precision of acoustic triangulation was similar to triangulation with ground‐based radiotelemetry for both pooled data and individual wolves at specific times, although the 2 techniques did not result in similar predicted locations. Distance from the howl source was the most consistently significant factor influencing the efficacy of acoustic triangulation. Error ellipse size was 33 times smaller at distances <1 km. Wind speed also reduced the accuracy of acoustic triangulation for mock howl surveys. Precision for modified howl surveys with wild wolves improved with the number of bearings. We estimated a mean bearing error of 13.2° (±2.1, 95% CI) for single bearings and a maximum distance of 1.76 km (range = 0.96–1.76 km;  = 1.41 km) detection for audible anthropogenic howls. Such information can be applied to howl survey data to generate more fine‐scale location information for wolf‐pack home sites. Acoustic triangulation of wolves can provide high‐quality location information in areas where wolves are not monitored with radiocollars. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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灰狼声学三角剖分的功效

声三角测量是一种独特的，相对无创的监测方法，可以帮助我们了解物种在时间和空间上的分布。声学三角剖分依赖于标准三角剖分技术来确定声学事件的位置。l叫调查通常用于调查狼（犬狼疮））和其他犬科动物。我们评估了声学三角剖分法在估计狼群位置方面的功效。我们使用模拟mock叫调查和在美国威斯康星州北部（2014–2018年）用野狼收集的现场数据，测量了声三角测量的精度和准确性。在特定时间，对于合并的数据和单个狼，声学三角剖分的精度类似于基于地面无线电遥测的三角剖分，尽管这两种技术并未得出相似的预测位置。距the声源的距离是影响声三角测量效果的最一致的重要因素。误差椭圆尺寸在距离<1 km时小33倍。风速还降低了模拟how声测量的声学三角测量的准确性。野外狼的改良modified叫调查的精度随方位数的增加而提高。我们估计单个轴承的平均轴承误差为13.2°（±2.1，95％CI），最大距离为1.76 km（范围= 0.96-1.76 km； = 1.41 km）检测到人为可闻的ls叫声。可以将此类信息应用于how叫调查数据，以为狼群居住的站点生成更精细的位置信息。狼的声三角剖分可以在不使用放射性项圈监视狼的区域中提供高质量的位置信息。©2020野生动物协会。