The parasitoid wasp Ibalia leucospoides is native to the northern hemisphere and has been introduced to the southern hemisphere as a biological control agent for the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio. Two subspecies of the parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides (Palearctic distribution) and Ibalia leucospoides ensiger (Nearctic distribution), were introduced and are reported to have hybridized. Despite extensive records of the numbers and origins of the wasps imported into the southern hemisphere, nothing is known regarding their current population diversity. We investigated the genetic variation of I. leucospoides in its native and introduced ranges using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS) markers. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the introduced range was limited, with only five haplotypes, although sequence divergence between these haplotypes was high. Similarly, the ITS rDNA sequences revealed multiple clades present in the introduced range. These results reflect introductions from a wide geographical range but where genetic bottlenecks have possibly reduced the genetic diversity. The data further reflect the origin of the I. leucospoides populations in South America and South Africa from New Zealand or Australia. We found no evidence of hybridization between the two subspecies of the parasitoid in its introduced range, and no evidence that I. leucospoides ensiger has established outside its native range.

中文翻译：

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序列数据反映了 Sirex woodwasp 寄生蜂 Ibalia leucospoides (Ibaliidae, Hymenoptera) 的引入途径

寄生蜂 Ibalia leucospoides 原产于北半球，并已被引入南半球，作为侵入性黄蜂 Sirex noctilio 的生物防治剂。引入了寄生蜂的两个亚种，Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides（古北极分布）和 Ibalia leucospoides ensiger（近北极分布），据报道它们已经杂交。尽管对进口到南半球的黄蜂的数量和起源有大量记录，但对其目前的种群多样性一无所知。我们使用线粒体 (COI) 和核 (ITS) 标记研究了 I. leucospoides 在其原生和引入范围内的遗传变异。引入范围内的线粒体 DNA 多样性是有限的，只有五个单倍型，尽管这些单倍型之间的序列差异很大。同样，ITS rDNA 序列显示引入范围内存在多个进化枝。这些结果反映了来自广泛地理范围的引入，但遗传瓶颈可能降低了遗传多样性。数据进一步反映了来自新西兰或澳大利亚的南美洲和南非的 I. leucospoides 种群的起源。我们没有发现寄生蜂的两个亚种在其引入范围内杂交的证据，也没有证据表明 I. leucospoides ensiger 在其原生范围之外建立。这些结果反映了来自广泛地理范围的引入，但遗传瓶颈可能降低了遗传多样性。数据进一步反映了来自新西兰或澳大利亚的南美洲和南非的 I. leucospoides 种群的起源。我们没有发现寄生蜂的两个亚种在其引入范围内杂交的证据，也没有证据表明 I. leucospoides ensiger 在其原生范围之外建立。这些结果反映了来自广泛地理范围的引入，但遗传瓶颈可能降低了遗传多样性。数据进一步反映了来自新西兰或澳大利亚的南美洲和南非的 I. leucospoides 种群的起源。我们没有发现寄生蜂的两个亚种在其引入范围内杂交的证据，也没有证据表明 I. leucospoides ensiger 在其原生范围之外建立。