The knowledge of natural factors that affect pest populations is essential in predicting the occurrence of pest outbreaks and in developing integrated pest management programmes. Natural enemies, climatic elements and host plants are among the most important factors affecting pest dynamics. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide. The pea leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a major pest to the tomato in Brazil. This study aimed to determine the main natural factors that regulate L. huidobrensis populations in tomato fields in Brazil. Liriomyza huidobrensis densities were evaluated by directly counting the number of active mines on the basal leaf of the middle section of the plant canopy, and predators and parasitoids were assessed using the leaf‐beating‐against‐a‐tray technique. Eight commercial tomato fields were assessed over two years. The phenological growth stages of the tomato plants (vegetative and reproductive) were noted during the assessments. Liriomyza huidobrensis populations peaked between the middle and end of the planting season. Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the main natural enemy of L. huidobrensis. Our results suggest that phenological growth stage and Opius sp. are associated with population dynamics of L. huidobrensis in tomato fields. Therefore, integrated pest management programmes should aim to preserve populations of the parasitoid Opius sp.

中文翻译：

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巴西番茄田中与灰斑虱（双翅目：Agromyzidae）暴发相关的寄生虫

了解影响害虫种群的自然因素对于预测害虫爆发的发生和制定综合害虫管理计划至关重要。天敌、气候因素和寄主植物是影响害虫动态的最重要因素。番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）是全球消费量第二大的蔬菜。豌豆潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis（双翅目：Agromyzidae）是巴西番茄的主要害虫。本研究旨在确定调节巴西番茄田中 L. huidobrensis 种群的主要自然因素。Liriomyza huidobrensis 的密度通过直接计算植物冠层中间部分基叶上活性地雷的数量来评估，并使用叶片打击托盘技术评估捕食者和寄生蜂。两年内对八个商业番茄田进行了评估。在评估过程中记录了番茄植物的物候生长阶段（营养和繁殖）。Liriomyza huidobrensis 种群在种植季节的中期和结束之间达到顶峰。Opius sp. （膜翅目：茧蜂科）是 L. huidobrensis 的主要天敌。我们的结果表明物候生长阶段和 Opius sp。与番茄田中 L. huidobrensis 的种群动态有关。因此，综合虫害管理计划应旨在保护寄生蜂 Opius sp. 的种群。Liriomyza huidobrensis 种群在种植季节的中期和结束之间达到顶峰。Opius sp. （膜翅目：茧蜂科）是 L. huidobrensis 的主要天敌。我们的结果表明物候生长阶段和 Opius sp。与番茄田中 L. huidobrensis 的种群动态有关。因此，综合虫害管理计划应旨在保护寄生蜂 Opius sp. 的种群。Liriomyza huidobrensis 种群在种植季节的中期和结束之间达到顶峰。Opius sp. （膜翅目：茧蜂科）是 L. huidobrensis 的主要天敌。我们的结果表明物候生长阶段和 Opius sp。与番茄田中 L. huidobrensis 的种群动态有关。因此，综合虫害管理计划应旨在保护寄生蜂 Opius sp. 的种群。