Abundance of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in western North America is often considered lower than desirable for hunting. Some coastal populations of Columbian black‐tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) in California, USA, near urban development, however, are perceived as a nuisance and may be overabundant. To determine the density of a potential nuisance population in Marin County, California, we used a combination of fecal DNA surveys, camera stations, and 2 sources of ancillary data on wildlife observations. We estimated an average density of 18.3 deer/km² (90% CI = 15.8–20.7) throughout Marin County during late summer and early fall, 2015 and 2016. Within the county, areas with intermediate human density (885 people/km², 90% CI = 125–1,646) were associated with the highest deer densities (25–44/km²). Our estimate of average deer density was 1.7–6.1 times higher than published density estimates for deer from elsewhere in California and on the low end of densities reported for mule and white‐tailed (O. virginianus) deer in regions where they routinely cause a nuisance to humans. High black‐tailed deer densities in Marin County may be partially attributed to a paucity of large predators, but more investigation is warranted to evaluate the effects of a recent increase in coyotes (Canis latrans) on the deer population. Analyses of highway road kill rates and citizen science surveys suggest that the deer population in Marin County has been stable over the past 10 years. Our results demonstrate how robust estimation of deer density can inform human–wildlife conflict issues, not just managed hunting. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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加利福尼亚沿海沿海城市的黑尾鹿过多

北美西部的m鹿（Odocoileus hemionus）的丰度通常被认为低于狩猎所需的数量。但是，在美国加利福尼亚州靠近城市发展的沿海沿海一些哥伦比亚黑尾鹿（O. h。columbianus）被认为是令人讨厌的事情，并且可能过多。为了确定加利福尼亚马林县潜在滋扰种群的密度，我们结合使用了粪便DNA调查，照相台和2种野生动植物观测辅助数据源。我们估计2015年和2016年夏末和初秋期间，整个马林县的平均密度为18.3鹿/ km ²（90％CI = 15.8–20.7）。在该县内，人类密度中等的地区（885人/ km ²，90％CI = 125–1,646）与最高的鹿密度（25–44 / km ²）相关。我们估计的平均鹿密度是加利福尼亚州其他地方公布的鹿估计密度的1.7-6.1倍，而且在它们经常造成滋扰的地区，reported子和白尾鹿的密度也较低。对人类。马林县黑尾鹿的高密度可能部分归因于大型掠食者的匮乏，但是有必要进行更多的研究以评估最近土狼增加的影响（Canis latrans）。对高速公路道路致死率的分析和公民科学调查表明，马林县的鹿种群在过去10年中一直稳定。我们的结果表明，对鹿密度的可靠估算如何能够为人类与野生动物之间的冲突问题提供信息，而不仅仅是管理狩猎。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表野生动物协会出版的《野生动物管理杂志》。