Copper fungicides and mycoinsecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria spp. are the most common pesticides used in organic crop production systems. The in vitro effects of the copper fungicides copper oxide, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, dicopper chloride trihydroxide and tribasic copper sulphate were investigated for mycelial growth, sporulation and conidial germination of the ATCC 74040 commercial strain of Beauveria bassiana. Mycelial growth was evaluated on potato dextrose agar plates with 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 0% of the recommended application rates of each fungicide at 15 and 25°C. Sporulation and conidial germination were determined at the recommended field doses of each fungicide at 25°C. All copper fungicides had fungistatic or fungicidal effects on B. bassiana that varied according to the dose. Only in two cases, copper oxide at 15°C and copper hydroxide at 25°C, at the lowest concentration of 6.5%, was mycelial growth not statistically significantly inhibited. Inhibition of mycelial growth depended both on the fungicide and its concentration, and partly on temperature. Both sporulation and conidial germination of B. bassiana were significantly inhibited by all fungicides. All fungicides inhibited the sporulation in a similar way (99.8%–100%). With the exception of copper oxychloride (inhibition, 13.6%), the other fungicides showed high detrimental effects on conidial germination (inhibition, 91.7%–100%). The fungus was strongly affected by some fungicides even at the lowest doses. The biological index used for the B. bassiana with copper fungicides ranged from 0.6 (copper sulphate) to 18.1 (copper oxychloride). Therefore, the tested fungicides were classified into the upper half of the highly toxic (T) category and are considered incompatible with the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana strain ATCC 74040 under in vivo experimental conditions. These results need to be further verified in vitro under both greenhouse and open‐field conditions.

中文翻译：

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白僵菌 ATCC 74040 与铜杀菌剂的体外相容性

基于昆虫病原真菌白僵菌属的铜杀菌剂和杀真菌剂。是有机作物生产系统中最常用的农药。研究了铜杀菌剂氧化铜、氢氧化铜、氯氧化铜、硫酸铜、三氢氧化氯化二铜和三碱式硫酸铜对 ATCC 74040 白僵菌商业菌株的菌丝体生长、孢子形成和分生孢子萌发的体外影响。在 15°C 和 25°C 下，在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂平板上评估菌丝体生长，其中每种杀菌剂的推荐施用量分别为 100%、75%、50%、25%、12.5%、6.25% 和 0%。孢子形成和分生孢子萌发在 25°C 下以每种杀真菌剂的推荐田间剂量测定。所有铜杀菌剂对 B. 根据剂量而变化的bassiana。只有在两种情况下，15°C 的氧化铜和 25°C 的氢氧化铜，在 6.5% 的最低浓度下，菌丝体生长没有统计学上的显着抑制。菌丝体生长的抑制取决于杀菌剂及其浓度，部分取决于温度。所有杀菌剂都显着抑制了球孢菌的孢子形成和分生孢子萌发。所有杀菌剂都以类似的方式抑制孢子形成（99.8%–100%）。除氯氧化铜（抑制，13.6%）外，其他杀菌剂对分生孢子萌发显示出很大的不利影响（抑制，91.7%–100%）。即使在最低剂量下，真菌也会受到一些杀菌剂的强烈影响。用于 B. bassiana 与铜杀菌剂的生物指数范围从 0.6（硫酸铜）到 18。1（氯氧化铜）。因此，所测试的杀菌剂被归类为剧毒（T）类的上半部分，在体内实验条件下被认为与昆虫病原真菌 B. bassiana 菌株 ATCC 74040 不相容。这些结果需要在温室和露天条件下的体外进一步验证。