An integrative methodology, including controlled heating experiments, petrography, taphonomy, systematics of charcoal fragments, solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and ¹⁴C dating, are used to discriminate in situ (anthropogenic) versus transported charcoal accumulations in the Ancestors Chamber at the Aktun Ha cenote and its potential relationship with the initial settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Rock heating experiments demonstrated changes in color, weight loss, and recrystallization fabrics under temperatures from 200°C to 900°C. At temperatures of up to 600°C, calcite changed to portlandite. Taphonomic examination of the charcoal revealed that the fragments were not transported by water. Anatomical studies of the charcoal revealed the presence of species similar to modern examples used as fuel. The solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed different aromatization degrees, and DSC provided information related to the hearth shape and combustion conditions throughout the thermal event. The ¹⁴C ages determined on charcoal, 9,200 ± 30 yr. BP (10,490–10,460 and 10,435–10,250 cal BP) and 9,440 ± 30 yr. BP (10,740–10,585 cal BP), are similar to ages previously reported from Aktun Ha and are the oldest determined on charcoal that may have an association with human activity on the Yucatán Peninsula.

中文翻译：

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Aktun Ha cenote中的全新世早期木炭聚集：墨西哥尤卡坦半岛的第一批定居者使用的火力证据

综合方法学，包括受控加热实验，岩石学，离子色谱法，木炭碎片系统，固态¹³ C核磁共振（NMR）光谱，差示扫描量热法（DSC）和¹⁴C测年法被用来区分在Aktun Ha cenote的祖先室中原位（人为的）和运输的木炭的积累，以及它与墨西哥尤卡坦半岛最初定居的潜在关系。岩石加热实验表明，在200°C至900°C的温度下，织物的颜色，失重和重结晶过程均发生了变化。在高达600°C的温度下，方解石变为硅酸盐。对木炭的声光检查表明，碎片没有被水运输。对木炭的解剖学研究表明，存在与现代实例相似的物种，用作燃料。固态¹³C核磁共振（NMR）光谱证实了不同的芳香化程度，DSC在整个热事件中提供了与炉床形状和燃烧条件有关的信息。用木炭测定的¹⁴ C年龄为9,200±30岁。BP（10,490-10,460和10,435-10,250 cal BP）和9,440±30年。BP（10,740–10,585 cal BP），与先前从Aktun Ha报道的年龄相似，是用木炭确定的最古老的年龄，可能与尤卡坦半岛的人类活动有关。