Tree nuts are globally consumed. Their kernels are calorie‐rich, nutrient‐dense foods and contain several bioactive and health‐promoting components. While some nut crops have expanded through the world since ancient times (almond, hazelnut, walnut), more recently, there has been a parallel development of underexploited promising species (Brazil nut, macadamia, pecan). Nut kernels have high lipid content, ranging from 40% to 80% depending on nut species and varieties. In general, nut oils contain significant proportions of nutritionally and medicinally desirable fatty acids and nutraceutical compounds (sterols, tocopherols, and other phenolics). A considerable genetic variability in oil content and composition is present in nut genetic resources worldwide. This suggests the possibility of different breeding lines focused to enhance oil yields, chemical and quality traits. Regarding extraction, screw‐pressing is suitable to achieve high oil recovery and good quality standards, but seed materials should be conditioned appropriately. Seed moisture content and pressing temperature appear as key variables to enhance oil recovery. This article presents an overview on chemical profiles, mechanical extraction, and quality concerns of oils from the most widely produced tree nut crops. The revision is also aimed at identifying areas where knowledge is insufficient and to set priorities for further research.

中文翻译：

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树坚果油：化学特性，提取，稳定性和质量问题

坚果在全球范围内消费。它们的籽粒是富含卡路里，营养丰富的食品，并且包含多种生物活性成分和促进健康的成分。自远古时代以来，虽然一些坚果类作物已在世界范围内扩展（杏仁，榛子，核桃），但近来却有未开发的有前途物种（巴西坚果，澳洲坚果，山核桃）的平行发展。坚果仁具有很高的脂质含量，取决于坚果的种类和品种，范围从40％到80％。通常，坚果油含有大量营养和医学上需要的脂肪酸和营养化合物（甾醇，生育酚和其他酚类）。世界范围内的坚果遗传资源都存在着油含量和组成方面的显着遗传变异。这表明有可能采用不同的育种系来提高石油产量，化学和质量特征。关于提取，螺旋压榨可达到较高的采油率和良好的质量标准，但种子材料应适当调理。种子含水量和压榨温度似乎是提高油脂采收率的关键变量。本文概述了最广泛种植的坚果类植物油的化学特征，机械提取和质量问题。该修订还旨在确定知识不足的领域，并确定了进一步研究的重点。本文概述了从最广泛生产的坚果类作物中提取的油的化学特性，机械提取和质量问题。该修订还旨在确定知识不足的领域，并确定了进一步研究的重点。本文概述了从最广泛生产的坚果类作物中提取的油的化学概况，机械提取和质量问题。该修订还旨在确定知识不足的领域，并确定了进一步研究的重点。