Nitrogen (N) gas losses can be reduced by using enhanced‐efficiency N (EEN) fertilizers such as urease inhibitors and coating technologies. In this work, we assessed the potential of EEN fertilizers to reduce winter losses of nitrous oxide (N₂O‐N) and ammonia (NH₃‐N) from a subtropical field experiment on a clayey Inceptisol under no‐till in Southern Brazil. The EEN sources used included urea containing N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (UR+NBPT), polymer‐coated urea (P‐CU) and copper‐and‐boron‐coated urea (CuB‐CU) in addition to common urea (UR) and a control treatment without N fertilizer application. N₂O‐N and NH₃‐N losses were assessed by using the static chamber method and semi‐open static collectors, respectively. Both N₂O‐N and NH₃‐N exhibited two large peaks with an intervening period of low soil moisture and air temperature. Although the short‐term effect was limited to the first few days after application, UR + NBPT urea decreased soil N₂O‐N emissions by 38% relative to UR. In contrast, urease inhibitor technology had no effect on NH₃‐N volatilization. Both coating technologies (CuB‐CU and P‐CU) were ineffective in reducing N losses via N₂O production or NH₃ volatilization. The N₂O emission factor (% N applied released as N₂O) was unaffected by all N sources and amounted to only 0.48% of N applied—roughly one‐half the default factor of IPCC Tier 1 (1%). Based on our findings, using NBPT‐treated urea in the cold winter season in subtropical agroecosystems provides environmental benefits in the form of reduced soil N₂O emissions; however, fertilizer coating technologies provide no agronomic (NH₃) or environmental (N₂O) advantages.

中文翻译：

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增效氮肥可减少冬季亚热带农业生态系统中免耕土壤产生的一氧化二氮损失，但不会减少氨损失

通过使用尿素酶抑制剂和包衣技术等效率更高的氮（EEN）肥料，可以减少氮（N）气体损失。在这项工作中，我们通过在巴西南部免耕的黏土Inceptisol上进行的亚热带田间试验，评估了EEN肥料减少冬季一氧化二氮（N ₂ O‐N）和氨（NH ₃ ‐N）损失的潜力。所用的EEN来源包括除普通尿素外还包含N-（正丁基）硫代磷酸三酰胺（UR + NBPT）的尿素，聚合物涂覆的尿素（P-CU）和铜硼涂覆的尿素（CuB-CU） （UR）和不施氮肥的对照处理。N ₂ O‐N和NH ₃‐N损失分别通过静态室法和半开放式静态收集器进行评估。N ₂ O-N和NH ₃ -N均表现出两个大的峰值，其间处于低土壤湿度和气温的中间时期。尽管短期影响仅限于施用后的前几天，但UR + NBPT尿素使土壤N ₂ O-N排放量相对于UR减少了38％。相反，脲酶抑制剂技术对NH ₃ ‐N挥发没有影响。两种镀膜技术（CuB-CU和P-CU）均无法有效降低通过产生N ₂ O或NH ₃挥发而导致的N损失。N ₂ O排放因子（应用的％N作为N ₂释放O）不受所有N来源的影响，仅占所应用N的0.48％，大约是IPCC 1级默认因子的一半（1％）。根据我们的发现，在寒冷的冬季，在亚热带农业生态系统中使用经过NBPT处理的尿素，可以减少土壤N ₂ O的排放，从而带来环境效益。但是，肥料包衣技术没有提供农艺（NH ₃）或环境（N ₂ O）优势。