Collective action in geographically concentrated farming regions can lead to improvements in farmer income. We model farmer cooperation inside such agro-clusters as a two-stage decision process. From 1,151 completely filled-in questionnaires, we find that being located in an agro-cluster increases farmers' likelihood to cooperate as well as enhances their income. Farmers' attitude towards cooperation is positively influenced by being male, having more assets, and operating a larger farm, but negatively affected if the farmer reports that her household is food vulnerable. The number of hours worked by farmers on the farm and the frequency of face-to-face meetings also raise the probability of engaging in cooperation. A higher density of agro-clusters, higher crop diversity and being located farther away from urban centers are found to increase on average the income level of a farmer. Hence, the promotion of agro-clusters also in rural regions remains a promising initiative for increasing farmer income.

中文翻译：

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农业集群中的农民合作：来自印度尼西亚的证据

在地理集中的农业地区采取集体行动可以提高农民收入。我们将此类农业集群内的农民合作建模为一个两阶段的决策过程。从 1,151 份完整填写的问卷中，我们发现位于农业集群中会增加农民合作的可能性并增加他们的收入。农民对合作的态度受到男性、拥有更多资产和经营更大农场的积极影响，但如果农民报告其家庭粮食脆弱，则会受到消极影响。农民在农场工作的小时数和面对面会议的频率也提高了进行合作的可能性。更高密度的农业集群，更高的作物多样性和远离城市中心的位置被发现可以提高农民的平均收入水平。因此，在农村地区推广农业集群仍然是增加农民收入的一项有希望的举措。