Sufficient supply of pigs with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) is essential for animal health and welfare during the growth period. However, the P content in animal manure is considered as a cause of massive environmental problems in soil and aquatic ecosystems. To complement previous findings, the objective of this study is the investigation of effects of a reduced and increased Ca and P supplementation on bone mineralization and bone structure compared with the current dietary recommendation. Another aim is to find possible serum markers that would allow the assessment of adequacy of P supply for bone health during growth. The result validated that the recommended Ca and P supply is sufficient, without the addition of microbial phytases. However, addition of P has no further beneficial effects on bone stability, while P supplementation below the recommended level affects bone development and growth performance. Reduced P levels have consequences for cancellous bone density and trabecular architecture. Further fine-tuning of the P supply in conjunction with an appropriate Ca supply will contribute to a reduction in P waste and associated environmental impact while maintaining animal health and welfare.

中文翻译：

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生命早期过量或限制磷和钙摄入量对猪骨骼结构和组成标志物的影响

在生长期，为猪提供充足的钙（Ca）和磷（P）对动物的健康和福利至关重要。然而，动物粪便中的磷含量被认为是土壤和水生生态系统中大量环境问题的原因。为了补充之前的研究结果，本研究的目的是调查与目前的饮食建议相比，减少和增加钙和磷补充剂对骨矿化和骨结构的影响。另一个目标是找到可能的血清标志物，以便评估生长过程中骨骼健康所需的磷供应量。结果证实推荐的钙和磷供应是足够的，无需添加微生物植酸酶。然而，添加 P 对骨稳定性没有进一步的有益影响，而低于推荐水平的磷补充会影响骨骼发育和生长性能。降低的 P 水平会对松质骨密度和小梁结构产生影响。进一步微调 P 供应以及适当的 Ca 供应将有助于减少 P 废物和相关的环境影响，同时保持动物健康和福利。