Flower visitation does not necessarily mean pollination. In this sense, floral visitors can either act as mutualists (pollinators) or antagonists (floral robbers/thieves), indicating that these interactions are part of a continuum and that a visitor species can present multiple behaviours. We included both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and floral visitors in a multilayer network to explore the consequences (at the community level) of the dual roles played by flower visitors. The multilayer network of interactions was formed by herbaceous plants (12 species) and insects that visited their flowers (21 species) in an area of Atlantic Forest in Brazil from Jul 2015 to May 2016. The two layers presented similar structures, with high overlap between them. Similar to what was expected, the antagonistic layer was more modular and specialized than the mutualistic layer. Some visitor species exhibited highly central, dual roles, acting as both antagonists and mutualists. Most behaved consistently as mutualists in all their visits, especially bees, which formed a predominantly mutualistic group. Butterflies represented a mixed group in relation to their visits and flies made more antagonistic visits. This research represents an important step towards understanding the role of mutualisms and antagonisms in the structure of interaction networks between herbaceous plants and floral visitors in tropical environments.

中文翻译：

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草本热带群落中的多层网络揭示了花卉访客的多种作用

花探访不一定意味着授粉。从这个意义上说，花卉访客可以充当互助者（授粉者）或拮抗剂（花卉强盗/小偷），这表明这些相互作用是连续体的一部分，并且访客物种可以表现出多种行为。我们将植物和花卉访客之间的相互互动和对抗性互动都包含在一个多层网络中，以探讨花卉访客扮演双重角色的后果（在社区一级）。相互作用的多层网络由2015年7月至2016年5月在巴西大西洋森林地区的草本植物（12种）和昆虫访花（21种）组成。两层结构相似，彼此重叠他们。与预期的相似，对抗层比互惠层更具模块化和专门性。一些来访者物种表现出非常重要的双重作用，既充当了对抗者，又充当了互助主义者。大多数人在他们的所有拜访中始终表现为互助主义者，尤其是蜜蜂，他们组成了一个以互助为主体的团体。蝴蝶代表来访的混合人群，果蝇则进行了更多的对抗性访问。这项研究代表了迈向理解互惠和拮抗作用在热带环境下草本植物与花卉访客之间相互作用网络结构中的重要一步。形成了一个主要的互助团体。蝴蝶代表来访的混合人群，果蝇则进行了更多的对抗性访问。这项研究代表了迈向理解互惠和拮抗作用在热带环境下草本植物与花卉访客之间相互作用网络结构中的重要一步。形成了一个主要的互助团体。蝴蝶代表来访的混合人群，果蝇则进行了更多的对抗性访问。这项研究代表了迈向理解互惠和拮抗作用在热带环境下草本植物与花卉访客之间相互作用网络结构中的重要一步。