ABSTRACT Previous studies on cone/seed traits of conifer seed orchards have focused on genetic variation, while non-genetic variation has rarely been investigated. This study examined the variation of cone/seed traits in a red pine clonal seed orchard in 2008 and 2018. The registered cone traits included size, weight, the number of seeds-cone, number of scales-cone and number of cones-tree and seed traits included size, weight, kernel weight and shell thickness. For cone traits other than cone size in 2018, which were under strong genetic control, the variation was largely and similarly contributed by interramet and intercone variations. For seed traits, over 90% of the variation was due to non-genetic factors, with contributions from interseed intertree > intercone. While heritability estimates for cone size were high, those for other cone traits and all seed traits were low on broad-sense basis (0.10) but moderate on clonal mean basis (0.35). Genetic correlations between cone or seed traits were positively moderate to strong other than the number of cones-tree, which correlated negatively with all other cone traits. The genetic correlations between cone and seed traits were weak, paired with mixed signs. The implications of these findings to manage seed orchards or advanced breeding were discussed.

中文翻译：

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红松（Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.）克隆种子园锥体和种子性状的变异

摘要 先前对针叶树种子园球果/种子性状的研究主要集中在遗传变异上，而很少研究非遗传变异。本研究考察了 2008 年和 2018 年红松无性系种子园的球果/种子性状变异。登记的球果性状包括大小、重量、种子球果数、鳞球果数和球果树数以及种子性状包括大小、重量、籽粒重量和壳厚度。对于 2018 年受强遗传控制的锥体大小以外的锥体性状，变异在很大程度上和类似地由锥间变异和锥间变异贡献。对于种子性状，超过 90% 的变异是由于非遗传因素造成的，其中种子间树间 > 间锥体的贡献。虽然锥体大小的遗传力估计值很高，其他锥体性状和所有种子性状的那些在广义上较低（0.10）但在克隆平均基础上中等（0.35）。除了与所有其他锥体性状呈负相关的锥体树数量外，锥体或种子性状之间的遗传相关性呈中到强正相关。锥体和种子性状之间的遗传相关性很弱，并伴有混合迹象。讨论了这些发现对管理种子园或先进育种的影响。