Cynoglossinae with ca. 200 spp. is one of the taxonomically most challenging subtribes of tribe Cynoglosseae with regard to generic delimitations. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ITS and cpDNA trn L-F and rps 16 sequences of 270 accessions including 102 newly sequenced ones, representing all currently recognized genera of Cynoglossinae to clarify relationships among Cynoglossum and allied genera. We conducted maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference analyses on separate and combined datasets. Cynoglossinae is recovered as a monophylum of closely related genera. Subtribe Cynoglossinae falls into three major groups: (1) Clade I including Microparacaryum spp., (2) Clade II comprising two species of Lindelofia , several Cynoglossum and Paracynoglossum spp., and (3) a larger clade (Clades III + IV) consisting of Solenanthus , Rindera , Trachelanthus , Paracaryum , Pardoglossum , Mattiastrum , and the remainder of Cynoglossum . None of the genera were monophyletic in the combined nuclear-plastid and nuclear datasets, except for Microparacaryum . A close relationship between Solenanthus apenninus and Cynoglossum officinale is shown, which suggests transferring S. apenninus to Cynoglossum . Moreover, Pardoglossum atlanticum , the type of the genus, is placed within Mediterranean Cynoglossum corroborating its synonymy under Cynoglossum . Lindelofia olgae is distantly related to the type of the genus ( L. longiflora ), but more closely connected with Solenanthus core-group. The majority of species currently recognized as members of Rindera do not form a clade with the type of the genus ( R. tetraspis ). The genus Paracaryum as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic and includes some species of Mattiastrum and Rindera .

中文翻译：

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Cynoglossinae（Cynoglossoideae：Boraginaceae）亚部落内的系统发育关系：来自核和质体DNA序列数据的新见解

Cynoglossinae 与约。200 份 是在分类学上最具挑战性的部落 Cynoglosseae 亚部落之一。在这里，我们提出了基于核 ITS 和 cpDNA trn LF 和 rps 16 序列的 270 个种质的系统发育分析，其中包括 102 个新测序的，代表了所有目前公认的 Cynoglossinae 属，以澄清 Cynoglossum 和相关属之间的关系。我们对单独和组合的数据集进行了最大似然、最大简约和贝叶斯推理分析。Cynoglossinae 作为密切相关属的单门被回收。Cynoglossinae 亚族分为三大类：(1) Clade I 包括 Microparacaryum spp.，(2) Clade II 包括 Lindelofia 的两个物种，几种 Cynoglossum 和 Paracynoglossum spp. (3) 一个更大的进化枝（进化枝 III + IV），由 Solenanthus 、 Rindera 、 Trachelanthus 、 Paracaryum 、 Pardoglossum 、 Mattiastrum 和 Cynoglossum 的其余部分组成。除了 Microparacaryum 外，在组合的核质体和核数据集中，没有一个属是单系的。显示了 Solenanthus apenninus 和 Cynoglossum officinale 之间的密切关系，这表明将 S. apenninus 转移到 Cynoglossum。此外，该属的类型 Pardoglossum atlanticum 被置于地中海 Cynoglossum 内，以证实其在 Cynoglossum 下的同义词。Lindelofia olgae 与该属（ L. longiflora ）的类型有远亲关系，但与 Solenanthus 核心群的关系更密切。目前被确认为 Rindera 成员的大多数物种不与该属 ( R. tetraspis ) 的类型形成进化枝。