Eucalyptus urophylla is a commercially important wood crop plantation species due to its rapid growth, biomass yield, and use as bioenergy feedstock. We characterized the genetic diversity and population structure of 332 E. urophylla individuals from 19 geographically defined E. urophylla populations with a reliability of 14,468 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We compared the patterns of genetic variation among these 19 populations. High levels of genetic diversity were observed throughout the 19 E. urophylla populations based on genome-wide SNP data (HE = 0.2677 to 0.3487). Analysis with STRUCTURE software, principal component analysis (PCA), and a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree indicated that E. urophylla populations could be divided into three groups, and weak population structure was observed with pairwise genetic differentiation (F_ST) values ranging from − 0.09 to 0.074. The low genetic diversity and shallow genetic differentiation found within the 19 populations may be a consequence of their pollination system and seed dispersal mechanism. In addition, 55 core germplasms of E. urophylla were constructed according to the genetic marker data. The genome-wide SNPs we identified will provide a valuable resource for further genetic improvement and effective use of the germplasm resources.

尾叶桉树由于其快速生长，生物质产量以及用作生物能源原料而成为商业上重要的木材作物人工林物种。我们表征了332 E的遗传多样性和种群结构。来自19个地理上限定的E.的urophylla个体。尾叶虫种群的可靠性为14,468个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。我们比较了这19个人群的遗传变异模式。在整个19 E期间观察到高水平的遗传多样性。尾叶人群基于全基因组SNP数据（HE = 0.2677至0.3487）。分析Structure软件，主成分分析（PCA）和邻接（NJ）树显示Ë。尾叶菌种群可分为三类，观察到的种群结构较弱，成对遗传分化（F _ST）值介于-0.09至0.074之间。在这19个种群中发现的低遗传多样性和浅遗传分化可能是其授粉系统和种子传播机制的结果。此外，还有55个E的核心种质。尾叶根据遗传标记数据构建。我们确定的全基因组SNP将为进一步的遗传改良和有效利用种质资源提供宝贵的资源。