Bees are important pollinators whose population has declined due to several factors, including infections by parasites and pathogens. Resource sharing may play a role in the dispersal dynamics of pathogens among bees. This study evaluated the occurrence of viruses (DWV, BQCV, ABPV, IAPV, KBV, and CBPV) and microsporidia (Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis) that infect Apis mellifera, as well as pesticide residues in the stingless bees Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Tetragonisca angustula, and Tetragona elongata sharing the same foraging area with A. mellifera. Stingless bees were obtained from 10 nests (two of N. testaceicornis, five of T. angustula, and three of T. elongata) which were kept in the field for 1 year and analyzed for the occurrence of pathogens. Spores of N. ceranae were detected in stingless bees but were not found in their midgut, which indicates that these bees are not affected, but may be vectors of the microsporidium. Viruses were found in 23.4% of stingless bees samples. APBV was the most prevalent virus (10.8%) followed by DWV and BQCV (both in 5.1% of samples). We detected glyphosate and its metabolites in small amounts in all samples. The highest occurrence of N. ceranae spores and viruses was found in autumn-winter and may be related to both the higher frequency of bee defecation into the colony and the low food resources available in the field, which increases the sharing of plant species among the stingless bees and honey bees. This study shows the simultaneous occurrence of viruses and spores of the microsporidium N. ceranae in asymptomatic stingless bees, which suggest that these bees may be vectors of pathogens.

中文翻译：

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野外的三种无刺蜂（蚜虫：Meliponini）中病毒，小孢子虫和农药残留的发生

蜜蜂是重要的传粉媒介，其种群由于多种因素而减少，包括寄生虫和病原体的感染。资源共享可能在蜜蜂中病原体的传播动力学中起作用。这项研究评估了感染蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）的病毒（DWV，BQCV，ABPV，IAPV，KBV和CBPV）和微孢子虫（Nosema ceranae和Nosema apis）的发生以及无刺蜜蜂Nannotrigona testaceicornis，Tetragonisca angustula，和东方藜（Tetragona elongata）与蜜蜂（A. mellifera）处于同一觅食区。从10个巢中获得无刺的蜜蜂（两个N. testaceicornis，5个N.在田间放置一年的T. angustula和三个T. elongata）进行了病原菌分析。在无刺蜂中检测到了cerenae ceranae孢子，但在其中肠中未发现，这表明这些蜂未受到影响，但可能是微孢子虫的媒介。在23.4％的无刺蜜蜂样本中发现了病毒。APBV是最流行的病毒（10.8％），其次是DWV和BQCV（均为5.1％的样品）。我们在所有样品中都检测到少量草甘膦及其代谢产物。ceranae ceranae的发生率最高在秋冬季发现了孢子和病毒，可能与蜂群排便的频率较高以及田间可利用的食物资源不足有关，这增加了无刺蜂和蜜蜂之间植物种类的共享。这项研究表明无症状无刺蜂同时出现了微孢子虫猪笼草病毒和孢子，这表明这些蜂可能是病原体的媒介。