Acoustic communication plays an important role in the life of insects and especially in representatives of the order Orthoptera. Their vibrational signalling, unlike signalling by sound, is poorly studied. The pygmy grasshoppers Tetrix tenuicornis (Sahlberg, 1891) belonging to the ancestral family Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) can produce several types of substrate-borne vibratory signals using their mid-legs. The emission of these signals is not accompanied by visible movements of any parts of the body. The goal of our study was to elucidate the mechanism of production of these vibrations. For this, we synchronously recorded the vibratory signals and the muscle activity in various regions of the legs and thorax in freely moving males. The obtained results revealed an unusual mechanism for the emission of acoustic signals. We found that the strongest muscle activity during the emission of the vibratory signals was recorded in the mesofemur and mesotibia. According to the position of the electrode, these muscles are the flexor and extensor of the tibia, levators and depressors of the tarsus, and probably pretarsus. The motor system employed during the emission of vibratory signals was most similar to that of the jump of locusts and probably is performed as a result of co-contraction of antagonistic muscles of the tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. The data obtained make significant additions to the presentation of a variety of insect acoustic communication systems.

中文翻译：

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在侏儒蝗Tetrix tenuicornis中发出振动信号的异常机制（Sahlberg，1891年）（直翅目：Tetrigidae）

声音交流在昆虫的生活中起着重要作用，尤其是在直翅目的代表中。与通过声音发出的信号不同，它们的振动发出的信号尚未得到很好的研究。侏儒草蜢蚱tenuicornis属于祖先家族（SAHLBERG，1891年）蚱科（直翅目）可以利用它们的中腿产生几种类型的基质传播的振动信号。这些信号的发射并没有伴随着人体任何部位的可见运动。我们研究的目的是阐明这些振动的产生机理。为此，我们同步记录了自由活动男性的腿部和胸部各个区域的振动信号和肌肉活动。获得的结果揭示了声音信号发射的异常机制。我们发现，在中音股骨和中胫骨中记录了振动信号发射期间最强的肌肉活动。根据电极的位置，这些肌肉是胫骨的屈伸肌、,架的提肌和lev肌，甚至可能是前tar。在发出振动信号期间采用的运动系统与蝗虫跳跃的运动系统最相似，并且可能是由于胫骨，骨和前tar的拮抗性肌肉共收缩而执行的。所获得的数据为各种昆虫声通信系统的表示提供了重要的补充。