Abstract Dairy production systems are heterogeneous as they are influenced by farm location and structure, markets, environmental conditions, and the producers' preferences and peculiarities. A typology of the existing dairy systems in Chile was developed with the objective of identifying homogenous groups that would allow for the characterization of adaptation strategies to changing environmental, social, technological, political and economic variables. Multivariate analyses were performed on data from official surveys carried out in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. Six groups (I-VI) were identified representing 26.9%, 21.5%, 21.6%, 14.6%, 6.8% and 8.6% of the population surveyed. Group I was the largest, and it included non-specialized commercial dairies. Group II clustered semi-extensive, medium to large dairies that rely mostly on high yielding improved pastures. Group III included small, semi-extensive commercial farms that make a more intense use of pastoral resources, such as sown pastures and improved native grasslands. Groups IV, V, and VI corresponded to specialized dairies, highly market-oriented, that use annual forages to supplement intensively managed and planned pastures, but that differ in size and some management strategies. The observed temporal changes and adaptations over time were closely linked to farm size, intensity in the use of various technologies, the number and the breed of the dairy cows, and the presence of other agricultural activities in the property. The effect of variable prices of milk and system inputs differed by group. Given the social and economic importance of dairies throughout Central and Southern Chile, a number of interventions are proposed, including technical modifications, extension initiatives, and changes in policies.

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基于温带地区乳制品生产系统历史演变的适应策略：案例研究方法

摘要 乳制品生产系统是异质的，因为它们受农场位置和结构、市场、环境条件以及生产者的偏好和特点的影响。智利现有乳品系统的类型学旨在确定同质群体，以便描述适应变化的环境、社会、技术、政治和经济变量的策略。对 2009 年、2011 年、2013 年和 2015 年进行的官方调查数据进行了多变量分析。确定了六组 (I-VI)，分别代表 26.9%、21.5%、21.6%、14.6%、6.8% 和 8.6%被调查的人口。第 I 组是最大的，其中包括非专业商业乳品厂。第二组集群半粗放，主要依赖高产改良牧场的大中型奶牛场。第三组包括小型、半粗放型商业农场，它们更加密集地利用牧区资源，例如播种的牧场和改良的原生草原。第四组、第五组和第六组对应于高度市场化的专业奶牛场，它们使用一年生草料来补充集约化管理和规划的牧场，但在规模和一些管理策略上有所不同。观察到的随时间的时间变化和适应性与农场规模、各种技术的使用强度、奶牛的数量和品种以及该物业中其他农业活动的存在密切相关。牛奶和系统投入可变价格的影响因群体而异。