Existing public safety networks (PSNs) are not designed to cope with disasters such as terrorist attacks, consequently leading to long delays and intolerable response times. First responders’ life threats when accessing the attacked zone are more severe in comparison to other disasters and the accuracy of basic information such as the number of terrorists, the number of trapped people, their locations and identity, etc., is vital to the reduction of the response time. Recent technologies for PSNs are designed to manage natural disaster scenarios; these are not best suited for situations like terrorist attacks because a proper communication infrastructure is required for operating most of the classical PSNs. This serious concern makes it highly desirable to develop reliable and adaptive pervasive public safety communication technologies to counter such a kind of emergency situation. Device-to-device (D2D) communication can be a vital paradigm to design PSNs that are fit for dealing with terrorist attacks thanks to long-term evolution (LTE)-sidelink, which could allow the devices that people carry with themselves in the attacked zone to communicate directly. To our best knowledge, this is the first survey paper on public safety communication in the context of terrorist attacks. We discuss PSN scenarios, architectures, 3^rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards, and recent or ongoing related projects. We briefly describe a system architecture for disseminating the critical information, and we provide an extensive literature review of the technologies that could have a significant impact in public safety scenarios especially in terrorist attacks, such as beamforming and localization for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), LTE sidelink for both centralized (base-station assisted) and decentralized (without base-station) architectures, multi-hop D2D routing for PSN, and jamming and anti-jamming in mobile networks. Furthermore, we also cover the channel models available in the literature to evaluate the performance of D2D communication in different contexts. Finally, we discuss the open challenges when applying these technologies for PSN.

现有的公共安全网络（PSN）并非旨在应对恐怖袭击等灾难，因此导致漫长的延误和无法忍受的响应时间。与其他灾难相比，急救人员进入受灾地区时的生命威胁更为严峻，减少恐怖分子的人数，被困人员的人数，他们的位置和身份等基本信息的准确性对于减少灾民至关重要响应时间。用于PSN的最新技术旨在管理自然灾害场景；这些都不是最适合恐怖袭击之类的情况，因为操作大多数传统PSN需要适当的通信基础结构。这种严重的担忧使人们迫切需要开发可靠的，自适应的普及性公共安全通信技术来应对这种紧急情况。设备到设备（D2D）通信可以成为设计适合应对恐怖袭击的PSN的重要范例，这要归功于长期演进（LTE）侧链，这可以使人们随身携带被攻击的设备区域直接通信。据我们所知，这是关于恐怖袭击背景下公共安全沟通的第一份调查报告。我们讨论PSN方案，架构，3 这样可以使人们在受灾区域携带的设备直接进行通信。据我们所知，这是关于恐怖袭击背景下公共安全沟通的第一份调查报告。我们讨论PSN方案，架构，3 这样可以使人们在受灾区域携带的设备直接进行通信。据我们所知，这是关于恐怖袭击背景下公共安全沟通的第一份调查报告。我们讨论PSN方案，架构，3^rd代合作伙伴项目（3GPP）标准，以及最近或正在进行的相关项目。我们简要描述了用于传播关键信息的系统架构，并提供了广泛的文献综述，这些技术可能会对公共安全场景（尤其是恐怖袭击）产生重大影响，例如波束成形和无人机定位（UAV）， LTE侧链适用于集中式（基站辅助）和分散式（无基站）架构，用于PSN的多跳D2D路由以及移动网络中的干扰和抗干扰。此外，我们还介绍了文献中可用的通道模型，以评估不同情况下D2D通信的性能。最后，我们讨论了将这些技术应用于PSN时面临的开放挑战。