Stereotypies are repetitive behaviors the may be performed in effort to relieve frustration or cope with a sub-optimal environment. Cattle are hypothesized to cope with the differences between forage and grain-based diets with oral stereotypies that manifest as in the form of non-nutritive oral behaviors (NNOB). Diets fed in confinement contain less roughage compared to the predominantly forage diets cattle consume while on pasture. These changes in diet composition, presentation, and time required to consume elicit physiological changes in the rumen and require cattle to spend less time engaged in oral behaviors (e.g. mastication of the cud, using the tongue to grasp and pull on grass) – all factors that contribute to NNOB performance. Allogrooming and self-grooming are also classified as NNOBs, however, they have function and are not stereotypic in nature. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the current state of research regarding the relationship between diet and NNOB performance in cattle. Searches of CAB Abstracts, AGRIS, Scopus and SPAC, performed prior to September 2018 resulted in 22 articles (25 studies) that analyzed the impact of dietary treatments on NNOB performance in both beef and dairy cattle housed in confinement. Increasing dietary roughage levels decreased the performance of NNOBs while limiting dietary roughage increased NNOB performance. However, there was little conclusive evidence to suggest that ingredient type, particle size, total feed amount, mode of feeding, or mineral addition influenced NNOB performance. Strengths of the studies included consistent housing across treatments and valid and reliable methods of behavioral recording. Many studies did not consider weaning method in their animal selection and some studies did not randomize animals into each treatment, identifying an opportunity for improvement in this area of research. Risk of bias was performed using JBI Critical Assessment Tools and a very low risk of bias was found for both randomized and (non-random) quasi-experiment trials. This systematic review examined studies varying in sample size, cattle age/sex and experimental design, showcasing a small yet diverse research area.

刻板印象是重复性的行为，可以被执行以减轻挫败感或应对次优的环境。假设牛可以解决饲草和谷类饮食之间的口头刻板印象之间的差异，口头刻板表现为非营养性口头行为（NNOB）。与牛在牧场上进食的主要饲喂饲料相比，分娩喂养的饲料的粗饲料要少。饮食组成，饮食习惯和食用时间的这些变化会引起瘤胃生理变化，并要求牛花更少的时间进行口头行为（例如咀嚼乳汁，用舌头抓紧并拉动草皮）–所有因素有助于NNOB的性能。自我修饰和自我修饰也被归为NNOB，但是，它们具有功能，本质上不是刻板印象。本系统综述的目的是评估关于饮食与牛NNOB性能之间关系的研究现状。在2018年9月之前对CAB Abstracts，AGRIS，Scopus和SPAC进行的搜索导致22篇文章（25项研究）分析了饮食疗法对围养牛和奶牛NNOB性能的影响。饮食粗饲料水平的提高降低了NNOB的性能，而限制饮食粗饲料的提高了NNOB的性能。但是，几乎没有确凿的证据表明原料类型，粒度，总饲料量，饲料方式或添加矿物质会影响NNOB的性能。研究的优势包括各种治疗方法中一致的住房和有效且可靠的行为记录方法。许多研究没有在动物选择中考虑断奶方法，一些研究没有将动物随机分配到每种治疗中，从而确定了在这一研究领域进行改进的机会。使用JBI关键评估工具进行偏倚的风险，在随机和（非随机）准实验试验中均发现偏倚的风险非常低。这项系统的审查检查了样本量，牛的年龄/性别和实验设计各异的研究，展示了一个小型但多样化的研究领域。找出改进这一研究领域的机会。使用JBI关键评估工具进行了偏倚的风险，在随机和（非随机）准实验试验中发现偏倚的风险非常低。这项系统的审查检查了样本量，牛的年龄/性别和实验设计各异的研究，展示了一个小型但多样化的研究领域。找出改进这一研究领域的机会。使用JBI关键评估工具进行偏倚的风险，在随机和（非随机）准实验试验中均发现偏倚的风险非常低。这项系统的审查检查了样本量，牛的年龄/性别和实验设计各异的研究，展示了一个小型但多样化的研究领域。