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Re-examining Dust Chemical Aging and Its Impacts on Earth's Climate.
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-29 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00102 Cassandra J Gaston 1
Accounts of Chemical Research ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-29 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00102 Cassandra J Gaston 1
Affiliation
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ConspectusThe impact of atmospheric particulate matter (i.e., aerosols) on Earth's radiative balance has been and continues to be the leading source of uncertainty with respect to predictions of future temperature increases due to climate change. Mineral dust particles transported from deserts and semiarid regions across the globe are a dominant contributor to the aerosol burden. Dust has many and diverse effects on Earth's climate: it directly scatters and/or absorbs incoming sunlight; it reacts with trace gases leading to impacts on the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere that affect both the lifetime of the greenhouse gas methane in addition to concentrations of tropospheric ozone-a greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant; it influences the production as well as the lifetime and radiative properties of clouds; and it deposits nutrients to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that can stimulate primary production and facilitate the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This Account will focus on the last three effects. The ability of dust to affect clouds and biogeochemical cycles hinges upon the chemical nature of dust particles-in particular, whether the compounds found in dust particles are water-soluble. The solubility of nutrients found in dust is particularly critical for determining the impact of atmospheric deposition on ocean productivity. The traditional viewpoint is that dust is inherently insoluble but reactive toward trace acidic gases, a process herein referred to as chemical aging. These reactions are thought to affect the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere while effectively transforming the chemical composition of dust by increasing its solubility. Consequently, chemical aging is hypothesized to substantially increase the impact of dust on cloud droplet formation and marine biogeochemical cycles.This Account presents recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that determine how efficiently dust undergoes chemical aging and what the consequences of these processes are for the different effects of dust on Earth's climate. This Account will re-examine the traditional viewpoint that dust chemical aging strongly impacts marine biogeochemical cycles as well as the ability of dust to nucleate cloud droplets. Laboratory studies on environmental samples are combined with chemical analysis of field samples collected at dust transport receptor sites to better understand chemical aging mechanisms and determine the impact of dust on tropospheric oxidants, clouds, and biogeochemical cycles. Our results highlight the important role that dust mineralogy plays in both the nucleation of clouds as well as the kinetics responsible for the chemical aging of dust. This Account will present cases where dust contains inherently soluble minerals and does not require chemical aging in order to efficiently nucleate clouds in the atmosphere. Lastly, this Account illustrates the critical role that nondust aerosols, namely, wildfire and combustion emissions, play as a supplier of soluble nutrients important for biogeochemical cycles, particularly in marine environments. This Account will discuss these findings and highlight future research directions and recommendations to better understand dust-climate interactions and the emerging role of biomass burning aerosol in marine biogeochemical cycles.
中文翻译：
重新检查粉尘化学老化及其对地球气候的影响。
概论大气颗粒物（例如气溶胶）对地球辐射平衡的影响一直是并且将继续成为预测由于气候变化导致未来温度升高的不确定性的主要来源。从全球沙漠和半干旱地区运来的矿物粉尘颗粒是造成气溶胶负担的主要因素。灰尘对地球的气候有很多不同的影响：它直接散射和/或吸收入射的阳光；它与微量气体发生反应，从而影响大气的氧化能力，不仅影响对流层臭氧（一种温室气体）的浓度，还影响温室气体甲烷的寿命，并影响标准的空气污染物；它影响云的产生以及云的寿命和辐射特性；它将养分沉积到水生和陆地生态系统中，可以刺激初级生产并促进隔离大气中的二氧化碳（CO2）。此帐户将重点介绍最后三个效果。尘埃影响云和生物地球化学循环的能力取决于尘埃颗粒的化学性质，尤其取决于尘埃颗粒中发现的化合物是否为水溶性。灰尘中养分的溶解度对于确定大气层沉积对海洋生产力的影响至关重要。传统观点是粉尘固有地不溶，但对微量酸性气体具有反应性，此过程在此称为化学老化。这些反应被认为会影响大气的氧化能力，同时通过增加其溶解度来有效地改变粉尘的化学组成。因此，假设化学老化会大大增加粉尘对云滴形成和海洋生物地球化学循环的影响。此帐户介绍了我们对确定粉尘如何有效进行化学老化的机理以及这些过程的后果的理解的最新进展。灰尘对地球气候的不同影响。该报告将重新审视传统观点，即粉尘化学老化会严重影响海洋生物地球化学循环以及粉尘使云滴成核的能力。对环境样品的实验室研究与在粉尘输送受体位置收集的现场样品的化学分析相结合，可以更好地了解化学老化机理，并确定粉尘对对流层氧化剂，云团和生物地球化学循环的影响。我们的研究结果突显了尘埃矿物学在云的成核以及尘埃化学老化的动力学方面起着重要作用。该帐户将介绍粉尘包含固有可溶矿物质并且不需要化学老化即可有效地使大气中的云成核的情况。最后，该报告说明了无尘气溶胶（即野火和燃烧排放物）作为可溶性营养素的供应者所起的关键作用，这些营养素对于生物地球化学循环（特别是在海洋环境中）至关重要。
更新日期：2020-04-29
中文翻译：
重新检查粉尘化学老化及其对地球气候的影响。
概论大气颗粒物（例如气溶胶）对地球辐射平衡的影响一直是并且将继续成为预测由于气候变化导致未来温度升高的不确定性的主要来源。从全球沙漠和半干旱地区运来的矿物粉尘颗粒是造成气溶胶负担的主要因素。灰尘对地球的气候有很多不同的影响：它直接散射和/或吸收入射的阳光；它与微量气体发生反应，从而影响大气的氧化能力，不仅影响对流层臭氧（一种温室气体）的浓度，还影响温室气体甲烷的寿命，并影响标准的空气污染物；它影响云的产生以及云的寿命和辐射特性；它将养分沉积到水生和陆地生态系统中，可以刺激初级生产并促进隔离大气中的二氧化碳（CO2）。此帐户将重点介绍最后三个效果。尘埃影响云和生物地球化学循环的能力取决于尘埃颗粒的化学性质，尤其取决于尘埃颗粒中发现的化合物是否为水溶性。灰尘中养分的溶解度对于确定大气层沉积对海洋生产力的影响至关重要。传统观点是粉尘固有地不溶，但对微量酸性气体具有反应性，此过程在此称为化学老化。这些反应被认为会影响大气的氧化能力，同时通过增加其溶解度来有效地改变粉尘的化学组成。因此，假设化学老化会大大增加粉尘对云滴形成和海洋生物地球化学循环的影响。此帐户介绍了我们对确定粉尘如何有效进行化学老化的机理以及这些过程的后果的理解的最新进展。灰尘对地球气候的不同影响。该报告将重新审视传统观点，即粉尘化学老化会严重影响海洋生物地球化学循环以及粉尘使云滴成核的能力。对环境样品的实验室研究与在粉尘输送受体位置收集的现场样品的化学分析相结合，可以更好地了解化学老化机理，并确定粉尘对对流层氧化剂，云团和生物地球化学循环的影响。我们的研究结果突显了尘埃矿物学在云的成核以及尘埃化学老化的动力学方面起着重要作用。该帐户将介绍粉尘包含固有可溶矿物质并且不需要化学老化即可有效地使大气中的云成核的情况。最后，该报告说明了无尘气溶胶（即野火和燃烧排放物）作为可溶性营养素的供应者所起的关键作用，这些营养素对于生物地球化学循环（特别是在海洋环境中）至关重要。
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