Across North America, incentive programs have assisted landholders with the construction of fences, often considered “wildlife friendly,” to assist in grazing management, which has resulted in a proliferation of fencing on the landscape. Many suggested “wildlife‐friendly” fence modifications have not been evaluated for their effectiveness on the targeted species or evaluated to assess consequences for nontarget species. We evaluated the effects of 2 modifications aimed to increase fence visibility (sage‐grouse [SAGR] reflectors and white polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) on the fence‐crossing behavior of 3 sympatric ungulates in the Northern Great Plains. We used trail cameras from 2016 to 2018 to capture images of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and white‐tailed deer (O. virginianus) at sites before and after fence sections were modified and compared crossing success by the 3 ungulates with that achieved at unchanged control sites. We used generalized linear modeling and a time‐to‐event approach to test the effect of fence modifications on ungulate crossing behavior. Our results showed that both SAGR reflectors and white PVC pipe did not impede fence‐crossing behaviors for either pronghorn or deer, nor was there a time lag in use of sites observed after modifications were deployed. Though we did not alter the height of the bottom wire, there was enough variability in bottom wire height between sites that our results indicate a greater probability of successful crossing by all 3 ungulates as bottom wire height increased. We recommend implementation of both SAGR reflectors and white PVC pipe because our results demonstrate no substantial unintended consequences on the crossing behavior of pronghorn and deer. © 2020 The Authors. Wildlife Society Bulletin published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

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评价Sympatric对北部大平原的围栏改造的反应

在整个北美，奖励计划已帮助土地所有者建造了通常被认为是“野生动物友好型”的围栏，以协助放牧管理，这导致了围栏景观的泛滥。许多建议的“野生动物友好型”围栏修改方法尚未针对目标物种进行评估，也未评估其对非目标物种造成的后果。我们评估了旨在提高栅栏可见性的2种修改（鼠尾草[SAGR]反射器和白色聚氯乙烯[PVC]）对北大平原北部3名有蹄类动物有栅栏穿越行为的影响。我们使用了2016年至2018年的跟踪摄像头来捕获叉角羚（Antilocapra americana），m鹿（Odocoileus hemionus）和白尾鹿（O. virginianus）修改围栏截面之前和之后的位置，并将3个有蹄类动物的穿越成功与未改变的控制场所的穿越成功进行比较。我们使用广义线性建模和事件发生时间方法来测试围栏修改对有蹄类动物穿越行为的影响。我们的结果表明，SAGR反射器和白色PVC管都不会阻碍叉角羚或鹿的围栏穿越行为，在部署修改后观察到的场地使用中也没有时滞。尽管我们没有更改底线的高度，但是站点之间底线高度的可变性足够大，因此我们的结果表明，随着底线高度的增加，所有3个有蹄类动物成功穿越的可能性更大。我们建议同时使用SAGR反射器和白色PVC管，因为我们的结果表明对叉角羚和鹿的交叉行为没有实质性的意外后果。©2020作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表“野生动物协会”出版的“野生动物协会公告”。