Wildlife increasingly live in and adapt to urban landscapes as natural habitat becomes urbanized. Many carnivores take advantage of undeveloped or open developed areas called green spaces, such as parks or cemeteries, to meet their requirements in urban areas. For instance, coyotes (Canis latrans) expanded their range across most of North America into metropolitan areas and even within highly developed areas, where home ranges of coyotes are associated with green spaces or areas that humans used least. Golf courses are a unique type of green space within urban landscapes that can provide cover and prey for coyotes, as well as limit human presence, especially at night and during the winter off‐season. We estimated selection of golf courses and urban green spaces by coyotes within the Chicago Metropolitan Area, Illinois, USA (2009 to 2012) that had access to golf courses (home range composed of >3% golf course; n = 30) using radiotelemetry. We found that coyotes selected for golf courses more at night and during the off‐season, indicating that they were responding to the decreased human presence during this time. Spatial status (resident vs. transient) and the amount of developed land in a home range did not influence selection of golf courses. Conversely, selection of urban green spaces was greater in the summer for transients and with proportion of developed land, but not influenced by time of day. However, there was considerable intra‐ and inter‐individual variability in coyote selection of both golf courses and urban green spaces. Individual variability could be driven by coyote characteristics (i.e., prey preferences, natal habitat, or social status) or by golf course and urban green space characteristics (i.e., landscaping, golfing hours, average human occupancy, or tolerance by personnel). © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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高尔夫球场是土狼的潜在栖息地

随着自然栖息地的城市化，野生动物越来越多地生活在城市中并适应城市景观。许多食肉动物会利用未开发或开放的被称为绿色空间的区域（例如公园或墓地）来满足城市地区的需求。例如，土狼（Canis latrans）将其范围扩展到整个北美大部分地区，甚至进入高度发达的地区，土狼的家庭范围与绿色空间或人类使用最少的区域相关。高尔夫球场是城市景观中一种独特的绿色空间，可以为土狼提供掩护和猎物，并限制人类的活动，尤其是在夜间和冬季淡季。我们估计了美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥都会区（2009年至2012年）的郊狼选择的高尔夫球场和城市绿地的选择（高尔夫球场的家庭范围由3％以上构成；n = 30）。我们发现土狼更多地选择在夜间和淡季去高尔夫球场，这表明他们对这段时间人类活动减少的反应。空间状况（居民对临时居民）和家庭范围内已开发的土地数量不会影响高尔夫球场的选择。相反，夏季的瞬态变化和已开发土地的比例，对城市绿地的选择更多，但不受一天中时间的影响。但是，在高尔夫球场和城市绿地的土狼选择中，个体间和个体间差异很大。个体差异可能由土狼特征（例如猎物偏好，出生地或社会地位）或高尔夫球场和城市绿地特征（例如环境美化，打高尔夫球时间，人的平均占用率，或人员的容忍度）。©2020野生动物协会。