A new sampling strategy for design‐based environmental monitoring is proposed. It has the potential to produce superior estimators for totals of environmental variables and their changes over time. In the strategy, we combine two concepts known as spatially balanced sampling and coordination of samples. Spatially balanced sampling can provide superior estimators of totals, while coordination of samples over time is often used to improve estimators of change. Compared with reference strategies, we show that the new strategy can improve the precision of the estimators of totals and their change simultaneously. A forest inventory application is used to illustrate the new strategy and the results can be summarized as (i) using auxiliary information to spread the sample can improve the estimators of totals; (ii) a positive coordination of the samples reduced the variance of the estimator of change by more than 37% compared with independent samples; and (iii) a high overlap between successive samples does not guarantee a good estimator of change. The presented strategy can be used to develop more efficient environmental monitoring programs.

中文翻译：

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监测环境变量总量的示例协调方法

提出了一种基于设计的环境监测的新采样策略。它有可能为环境变量的总数及其随时间的变化产生出色的估计量。在该策略中，我们结合了两个概念，即空间平衡采样和样本协调。空间平衡抽样可以提供出色的总数估计量，而随时间推移的样本协调通常用于改进变化估计量。与参考策略相比，我们表明新策略可以同时提高总数估计量及其变化的精度。森林清查应用程序用于说明新策略，结果可以概括为（i）使用辅助信息来分散样本可以提高总数的估计量；(ii) 与独立样本相比，样本的正协调使变化估计量的方差减少了 37% 以上；(iii) 连续样本之间的高度重叠并不能保证良好的变化估计。所提出的策略可用于开发更有效的环境监测程序。