ABSTRACT

There is a need both in organic farming and on farms using integrated pest management for non-chemical measures that control the perennial weed flora. The effect of mechanical weeding and fertilisation on perennial weeds, fungal diseases and soil structure were evaluated in two different experiments in spring cereals. Experiment I included six strategies. The first strategy was (1) without specific measures against perennial weeds. The other strategies encompassed one or two seasonal control measures; (2) rhizome/root cutting with minimal soil disturbance in autumn, (3) hoeing with 24 cm row spacing, (4) combined hoeing and disc harrowing in autumn, (5) ‘KvikUp’ harrowing in spring, and (6) ‘KvikUp’ harrowing in spring and autumn. Experiment II included factor (i) inter-row hoeing and (ii) fertilisation level. This experiment included the comparison between normal row spacing (12 cm) with weed harrowing versus double row spacing (=24 cm) in combination with inter-row hoeing and 4 fertilisation levels (50–200 kg N ha⁻¹). In experiment I the strategies consisting of no or one direct weed control measure (1, 2, 3 and 5) clearly did not control the perennial weeds. The two seasonal control measures (4 and 6) gave a satisfactory weed control and highest crop yield. The combination of best weed control and no measured harmful effects on soil structure or increase of fungal diseases may explain the highest yields for these strategies. In Experiment II, hoeing and 24 cm spacing gave less perennial biomass compared to 12 cm spacing. Grain yields increased linearly with increasing nitrogen input. The study shows that both inter-row hoeing and weed harrows, are important elements in integrated pest management practice and organic farming. In addition, our results indicate that efficient mechanical weeding is possible without harmful effects in crop rotation consisting of various spring cereals as regards soil structure and plant health.

摘要

在有机农业和在农场中都需要采用病虫害综合治理的非化学措施来控制多年生杂草植物。在春季谷物中的两个不同实验中，评估了机械除草和施肥对多年生杂草，真菌病害和土壤结构的影响。实验一包括六种策略。第一个策略是（1）没有针对多年生杂草的具体措施。其他策略包括一项或两项季节性控制措施；（2）秋季进行根茎/根割，土壤干扰最小，（3）with行间距为24 cm，（4）秋季进行combined行和圆盘耙耕，（5）春季进行'KvikUp'耙伐，（6）' KvikUp在春季和秋季令人痛苦。实验II包括因素（i）行间和（ii）施肥水平。^-1）。在实验一中，由无杂草控制措施或无直接杂草控制措施（1、2、3和5）组成的策略显然无法控制多年生杂草。两种季节控制措施（4和6）可实现令人满意的杂草控制和最高的农作物产量。最佳的杂草控制和对土壤结构的无害影响或真菌病的增加都无法避免，这可能解释了这些策略的最高产量。在实验II中，距和24 cm间距产生的多年生生物量少于12 cm间距。谷物产量随着氮输入的增加而线性增加。研究表明，行间草和杂草耙地，都是病虫害综合治理和有机耕作的重要组成部分。此外，