Abstract Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have reached an all-time high, contributing to increased average temperature, more frequent and severe weather patterns, increasing sea levels, and the acidification of the ocean. Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 are also showing a negative impact on staple food crops, such as rice. In addition to added heat stresses decreasing growth and productivity of rice crops, micronutrient concentration, specifically iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), shows a significant decline when grown in elevated atmospheric CO2. This is likely to most significantly impact those who are already impoverished and living in a state of chronic food insecurity, thus further contributing to micronutrient deficiency diseases, also known as hidden hunger. A systematic review of the literature regarding micronutrient concentration, specifically Fe and Zn, in rice grains grown under elevated CO2 was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Eight of the studies found met the required guidelines and were included in this review. While early studies were contradictory, later studies show a clear correlation between elevated atmospheric CO2 and decreased Fe and Zn concentrations. The mechanism of action remains unclear at this time, and more research is needed into ways to mitigate these effects moving forward.

中文翻译：

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大气二氧化碳升高 [CO2] 对微量营养素浓度的影响，特别是水稻中的铁 (Fe) 和锌 (Zn)；系统评价

摘要 大气中的二氧化碳 (CO2) 水平已达到历史最高水平，导致平均温度升高、天气模式更加频繁和恶劣、海平面上升以及海洋酸化。大气中二氧化碳含量的增加也显示出对水稻等主食作物的负面影响。除了增加的热应激降低水稻作物的生长和生产力外，微量营养素浓度，特别是铁 (Fe) 和锌 (Zn)，在大气 CO2 升高的环境中生长时显示出显着下降。这可能对那些已经贫困并生活在长期粮食不安全状态的人产生最显着的影响，从而进一步导致微量营养素缺乏症，也称为隐性饥饿。对有关微量营养素浓度的文献的系统回顾，特别是铁和锌，在高 CO2 下生长的稻谷中，根据 PRISMA 系统评价指南进行。发现的八项研究符合要求的指南，并被纳入本综述。虽然早期的研究相互矛盾，但后来的研究表明，大气 CO2 升高与 Fe 和 Zn 浓度降低之间存在明显的相关性。目前，作用机制尚不清楚，需要更多的研究来研究减轻这些影响的方法。后来的研究表明，大气 CO2 升高与 Fe 和 Zn 浓度降低之间存在明显的相关性。目前，作用机制尚不清楚，需要更多的研究来研究减轻这些影响的方法。后来的研究表明，大气 CO2 升高与 Fe 和 Zn 浓度降低之间存在明显的相关性。目前，作用机制尚不清楚，需要更多的研究来研究减轻这些影响的方法。