Abstract The present study provides an analysis of existing literature encompassing the wind and thermal analysis of football stadia, and how both can be manipulated through the modification of roof geometry. It introduces the potential for cooling strategies to create an internal environment capable of hosting elite-level international football in a hot climate. The motivation for the study stems from an absence of existing literature focussing on thermal flow in hot conditions for stadia and the requirement to investigate the hosting capabilities of Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Stadium design plays a crucial role in determining the success of the tournament not only through the month-long event, but also with the legacy it leaves afterwards. To carry out the analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in an effort to produce internal conditions that satisfy official FIFA guidelines on optimal playing conditions in terms of wind and temperature distribution. These are ran on a model validated against existing literature to ensure accuracy, but considering the potential for error between model generations. The conclusions drawn suggest that a downward-pitched, large-radius retractable roof subsidised by the introduction of a mechanical system to create a cooling strategy reduces the external temperature down to 23 °C, with wind velocities not exceeding 4 m/s. Reinforced by results, these desired playing conditions can be achieved by closing the roof to precondition the stadium before an event, with the roof then retracted to ensure compliance with FIFA guidelines. The results from the present study can be a component in achieving a sustained positive legacy for the upcoming FIFA World Cup.

中文翻译：

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炎热气候下足球场屋顶结构对风热环境影响的研究

摘要 本研究对现有文献进行了分析，这些文献包括足球场的风和热分析，以及如何通过修改屋顶几何形状来操纵这两者。它引入了冷却策略的潜力，以创造一个能够在炎热气候下举办精英级国际足球比赛的内部环境。这项研究的动机源于现有文献的缺乏，这些文献关注体育场炎热条件下的热流，并且需要调查卡塔尔 2022 年 FIFA 世界杯的主办能力。体育场设计在决定锦标赛成功方面起着至关重要的作用，不仅是通过为期一个月的赛事，而且还取决于它之后留下的遗产。为了进行分析，进行计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟是为了产生满足官方国际足联关于风和温度分布方面最佳比赛条件的指导方针的内部条件。这些是在根据现有文献验证的模型上运行的，以确保准确性，但考虑到模型生成之间可能出现错误。得出的结论表明，通过引入机械系统来创建冷却策略的向下倾斜的大半径可伸缩屋顶将外部温度降低到 23 °C，风速不超过 4 m/s。通过结果加强，这些理想的比赛条件可以通过在比赛开始前关闭屋顶以对体育场进行预处理来实现，然后将屋顶收回以确保符合国际足联的指导方针。