ABSTRACT Background: Inselbergs (granitic and gneissic rock outcrops) are common elements in the Atlantic Forest and present large taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity. Aims: We investigated how plant diversity changed across ecological and biogeographic scales by comparing TD, FD and PD of communities within and between two inselbergs. We expected converging FD and PD but distinct TD between outcrops, because of similar local environmental conditions in inselbergs and the long-term lineage isolation. Methods: We calculated TD, PD and FD, and partitioned diversity into α (each inselberg), β (between inselbergs) and γ (whole sample) components. Phylogenetic signal was estimated for all traits. To link environmental predictors to functional traits a redundancy analysis was run. Variation in TD, FD and PD was analysed by general linear models with patch area and the two inselbergs as predictors. Results: The inselbergs were taxonomically different, but showed convergence in their functional and phylogenetic diversity. The limited retention of phylogenetic signal suggests that different species may converge and respond similarly to environmental variables. Within inselbergs, larger patches displayed higher TD, FD and PD. Conclusions: Seeking conservation strategies for inselbergs is challenging since, despite their functional and phylogenetic similarity, endemic species make individual rock outcrops unique.

中文翻译：

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两个新热带岛屿之间的高植物分类β多样性和功能和系统发育趋同

摘要背景：Inselbergs（花岗岩和片麻岩露头）是大西洋森林中的常见元素，呈现出大量的分类（TD）、功能（FD）和系统发育（PD）多样性。目的：我们通过比较两个岛内和之间群落的 TD、FD 和 PD，研究了植物多样性如何在生态和生物地理尺度上发生变化。我们预计 FD 和 PD 会收敛，但露头之间的 TD 不同，因为 inselbergs 的局部环境条件相似，并且长期谱系隔离。方法：我们计算了 TD、PD 和 FD，并将多样性划分为 α（每个 inselberg）、β（inselbergs 之间）和 γ（整个样本）分量。估计所有性状的系统发育信号。为了将环境预测因子与功能特征联系起来，进行了冗余分析。TD的变化，FD和PD通过一般线性模型以斑块面积和两个岛山作为预测因子进行分析。结果：inselbergs 在分类学上不同，但在功能和系统发育多样性方面表现出趋同。系统发育信号的有限保留表明不同的物种可能会聚在一起并对环境变量做出类似的反应。在 inselbergs 内，较大的斑块显示出较高的 TD、FD 和 PD。结论：为岛内山寻求保护策略具有挑战性，因为尽管它们的功能和系统发育相似，但地方物种使个别岩石露头独一无二。系统发育信号的有限保留表明不同的物种可能会聚在一起并对环境变量做出类似的反应。在 inselbergs 内，较大的斑块显示出较高的 TD、FD 和 PD。结论：为岛内山寻求保护策略具有挑战性，因为尽管它们的功能和系统发育相似，但地方物种使个别岩石露头独一无二。系统发育信号的有限保留表明不同的物种可能会聚在一起并对环境变量做出类似的反应。在 inselbergs 内，较大的斑块显示出较高的 TD、FD 和 PD。结论：为岛内山寻求保护策略具有挑战性，因为尽管它们的功能和系统发育相似，但地方物种使个别岩石露头独一无二。